The Science of Cloning :: essays research papers

The Science of CloningIn the essay, Cloning Reality Brave New World by Wesley J. Smith, a skewed entrance of the effects of re-create is presented. Wesley feels that clone go out end the perception of human life as sacred and ruin the swell diversity that exists today. He feels that cloning may in fact, end human society as we know it, and create a horrible place where humans are simply a resource. I disagree with Wesley because I think that the positive effects of controlled human cloning screw greatly improve the quality of life for humans today, and that these benefits furthest outweigh the potential drawbacks that could occur if cloning was misused.Human cloning is one of the most controversial subjects in modern times. Supporters claim that cloning is a great advance in science and smoke lead to great discoveries and medical breakthroughs. Opponents feel that cloning is a threat to human individuality and is potentially disastrous. some(prenominal) sides make reasonable arguments, however I feel that Wesley takes things a bit too far in his grim outlook on the future of humanity. Sure, at that place are downsides to cloning, and yes it can be dangerous if it is used for the wrong purposes. This is true with almost any new technology. From gunpowder to cars to airplanes to computers to the Internet any one of these technologies can be harnessed for negative purposes. Despite the risks involved however, all of these technologies have improved our standard of living and quality of life, and I feel cloning depart do the same.Wesley J. Smith goes on and on about how eugenicists would want to create homogeneity among Humans, valuing traits such as intelligence and looks instead of love, compassion, and empathy. He feels that this would create an supernatural society of human beings, creating chaos among the world. What he fails to recognize however is that it is not nearly as simple to do this as he thinks. Right now, cloning is in its very elementar y stages, and most research being done is for medical purposes. Through advancing our knowledge in cloning and genetic engineering, we can eliminate unwanted traits and genetic diseases. Wesley may then try to argue that these unwanted traits and diseases make us unique, but I doubt he will get much support, especially from somebody who suffers from some horrible genetic disease or deformity.Wesley then uses nature itself in his arguments by stating Eugenics, as wicked as it is, is only the beginning of the threat posed to the natural order by human cloning.

Epistemological Development Essay -- Religion, Bible, Truth

Everything in education is impacted by the perspective of a biblical worldview because educating a child is teaching them to hump and find truth. According to Knight, Much truth exists outside of the Bible, but no truth exists outside the metaphysical framework of the Bible. (2006, p. 226). The concepts of the Bible are utilize to fade a unifying foundation for all subjects taught. The Bible also becomes the integration summit. All content knowledge is contextually interpreted with the Bible because God is the character reference of all truth and the one who unifies all truth in Himself. The Bible can be compared to leaven that permeates all subjects. This gives all subjects significance and all subjects thence give significance to a childs life. Therefore, teaching from a biblical worldview provides an epistemological, interpretive framework that adds meaning to otherwise insignificant details. It becomes the focal point that unifies our curriculum. As Augustine states , we must seek to integrate our faith with learning because Faith is understandings step and understanding is faiths reward. (Holmes, 2008, p. 27).Several three-figure studies have examined the worldview of students using worldview surveys such as Nehemiah Institutes PEERS (2003). Fyock (2008) in his dissertation on the effect of an instructors biblical worldview gave high drill seniors the PEERS survey before and after instruction from a teacher with a biblical worldview. While this was an excellent measurement tool for worldview assessment, it is not oriented toward epistemology, so would not be adequate for this research. PostmodernismIt is important to understand the postmodern worldview because its conception of truth is contrary to that found in a bib... ...reasoning will be used to understand and evaluate their internal motivations and bring greater consistency to their underlining suppositions. The individual may develop to the point of self-authoring their worldview, by using self reflection and meta light to examine their worldview, and each of its components, in the light of their philosophical or theological beliefs. In this context, self-authoring does not imply the individual authors their feature salvation or their own truth regarding salvation. Rather, they discover truth for themselves through and through a process of critically examining their worldview and comparing it to the worldview discovered in the Bible, the source of ultimate Truth. As an individual develops through worldview formation stages different methods of acquiring and confirming their concept of truth will be important (Mansfield & Clinchy, 2002).

ANNUAL REPORT :: essays research papers

The production team is proud to report that we have finally reached they end of the Junior Achievement year. This year has been full of trials and tribulations, ups and downs, and make full with many success and failures. From our first meeting on September 18 to our last official meeting on the 28th of April many of our goals has been surpassed with the visions of targeting higher achievements. all(prenominal) quarter of the 2001 2002 junior achievement year had new obstacles for us to overcome. From the rush into our first quarter to the unexpected conclusion of the fourth quarter we never judge that the year would of gone by so fast.For the first quarter of our Junior Achievement year JA was a new experience to nearly all of the students. It was in our first quarter that the production team was appointed, so we began with away any delay brainstorming for goods or services that we could produce. After a lot of our various persuasion on different items we finally came up with sc ented and multi-color gel pens. We later considered into making personalized business cards for high school students which off-key out to become a greater success then planned. With the dramatic affect that our products had over the marketplace our sales targeted number one on the list and we fixed right then and there that we were not going to let anybody overtake us.When the second quarter began on November 6th the production team really turned into a disaster. Our Vice President at that time started to feel a bit stressed out over the junior achievement program and got feed up to a point in which she decided to resign. That left s to replace her and make sure that Full Hundred got back up again and everything ran smoothly.With the new production team now elected we tried our best to come up with new products for our second quarter so that our sales would retain on top and no other company would surpass us. With Christmas being right around the corner we decided to use that as our main market and sell mainly Christmas items.

Different Sides of Embryonic Stem Cell Research :: Stem Cell Biology

The field of stem cellular phone research remains highly controversial because of its ethical and moral values. condescension the news in 2006 that researchers had found a way to harvest human embryonic stem cells without having to destroy embryos, controversy still surrounds potentially life-saving stem cell research. (Gruen, 2007). Due to the strong emotional responses to some of the subject matter by the pro-lifers and certain religions and politics in general, I will attempt to explain distinct sides of embryonic stem cell research (ESC). This study describes what viable embryos are and the issues connected with them. Are stem cells viable embryos? Can they perpetually be a human being? Stem cells are no more than a precursor for some type of cell. They are not tiny embryos nor can they ever become embryos. Are human embryonic stem cells embryos? Although stem cells of themselves are not embryos, they are pluripotent they can develop into any cell or create from raw materia l of the body. They are not open of forming a new individual, as a fertilized egg or single cell taken from a four-cell embryo king if cultured in vitro and placed in a uterus. Stem cell research has become a subject of political discussion in new-made years because of its social and ethical implications, but what is the big controversy with stem cell research? Most diseases are caused by the death of healthy cells in a particular organ. Parkinsons disease is caused by the death of brain cells that produce a chemical call dopamine and diabetes is caused by the death of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. None of these organs can replace the cells that die. With stem cell therapy, these cells can be replaced. Researchers and scientists study stem cells to get a basic understanding of the service in cell development and disease. The opposition of research on human embryos usually start and finish their argument with the claim that the human embryo is, from the endorsement of conception,a living, innocent human being. But the morality of using a being for research should depend on what the being is like, not on the species to which it belongs. (Singer, 2001) This being of 64 cells has no brain and has never been conscious and can feel no pain. Take for instance researchers who do research on rats, the rats are not capable of preferring not to be in situations that are painful and frightening to them.

Brand Name Versus Generics Essay -- Health, FDA

The Food and Drug Administrations approval process initiates with preclinical development that demonstrates that the product is slightly safe for use in humans and that it shows pharmacological activity that warrants further clinical research. (FDA, 2010) Rodents, swine, and canines be commonly apply to validate safety and effectiveness in laboratory studies due to their similar anatomy to that of humans. (Sivaramakrishan, 2010) The next step in the process is the submission of an Investigational New Drug Application (IND) to the FDA for several reasons. (FDA, 2010) Present federal law mandates that a dose be part of an endorsed marketing application ahead of transportation and distribution to clinical research sites across state lines. (FDA, 2010) Manufacturers are also inevitable to halt clinical studies for thirty consecutive days for the FDA to review the application and make assurances that there are no unnecessary risks. (FDA, 2010) in that respect are three different ty pes of INDs which are investigator, emergency and treatment. (FDA, 2010) An investigator IND is often submitted by a clinician that both commences and performs clinical studies on an unendorsed drug or an clear drug for a new character or different circumstances. (FDA, 2010) An emergency investigational new drug application is for the purpose of clinical using an experimental drug in an urgent situation, such as cancer, that does not allow time for thorough FDA review. (FDA, 2010) The third type is a treatment investigational drug application its purpose is for the submission of experimental drugs that have potential in previous clinical assessment for severe life threatening situations. (FDA, 2010) An investigational new drug application is required to con... ...DA, branded drugs and their pharmaceutical equivalents have met thorough criterion for identity, strength, quality, purity, and potency which includes commercial production. (FDA, nd) Current Good Marketing Practice (CG MP) regulations dictate minimal requirements for facility methods and controls used in the manufacture, processing, and packaging of the drug product. (FDA, 2011) The purpose of these regulations is to ensure safety, maintain the integrity of the ingredients at the claimed strength, and preserve honesty with regards to labeling. (FDA, 2011 & Siedman, 2000) Regulations were initially ratified in 1963 continually rewrite due to accidents, injuries, fatalities, and technological advancements. (Siedman, 2000) Verification of compliance is down by unannounced inspections of facilities, sample analyses, and examination of preceding history. (FDA, 2011)

Brand Name Versus Generics Essay -- Health, FDA

The Food and Drug Administrations approval process initiates with preclinical development that demonstrates that the product is reasonably safe for occasion in humans and that it shows pharmacological activity that warrants further clinical research. (FDA, 2010) Rodents, swine, and canines are commonly used to validate safety and effectiveness in laboratory studies due(p) to their similar anatomy to that of humans. (Sivaramakrishan, 2010) The next step in the process is the submission of an Investigational New Drug Application (IND) to the FDA for several reasons. (FDA, 2010) Present federal law mandates that a drug be part of an endorsed marketing application ahead of transportation and distribution to clinical research sites across state lines. (FDA, 2010) Manufacturers are also demand to halt clinical studies for thirty consecutive days for the FDA to review the application and make assurances that there are no unnecessary risks. (FDA, 2010) There are trey different types of I NDs which are investigator, emergency and treatment. (FDA, 2010) An investigator IND is often submitted by a clinician that both commences and performs clinical studies on an unendorsed drug or an approved drug for a new purpose or different circumstances. (FDA, 2010) An emergency investigational new drug application is for the purpose of clinical using an observational drug in an imperative situation, such as cancer, that does not allow time for thorough FDA review. (FDA, 2010) The third type is a treatment investigational drug application its purpose is for the submission of experimental drugs that have potential in previous clinical assessment for severe life threatening situations. (FDA, 2010) An investigational new drug application is required to con... ...DA, branded drugs and their pharmaceutical equivalents have met thorough criterion for identity, strength, quality, purity, and potency which includes commercial production. (FDA, nd) Current Good Marketing Practice (CGM P) regulations dictate minimal requirements for facility methods and controls used in the manufacture, processing, and package of the drug product. (FDA, 2011) The purpose of these regulations is to ensure safety, maintain the integrity of the ingredients at the claimed strength, and preserve honesty with regards to labeling. (FDA, 2011 & Siedman, 2000) Regulations were initially ratified in 1963 continually revised due to accidents, injuries, fatalities, and proficient advancements. (Siedman, 2000) Verification of compliance is down by unannounced inspections of facilities, sample analyses, and examination of preceding history. (FDA, 2011)

GLOBALIZATION AT GENERAL ELECTRIC Essay

1.Why do you think GE has invested so aggressively in foreign expansion? What opportunities is it trying to elbow grease?I think GE acted so aggressively because they saw a great opportunity to expand the go with and if they didnt do so, another company would cave in grabbed the opportunity and purchase the companies that were in trouble. In order for a company to grow at a rapid pace, it would have to take all over other companies that are in financial jeopardy. Going international allowed the company to reach millions of new customers. The opportunities that they are trying to exploit are (1) the economic helplessness in certain parts of the world with the object glass of investing to the region, but in fact to acquiring companies, (1) to take advantage of economic uncertainty caused by the currency grocery collapse for the aim of purchasing or acquiring companies, (3) to help in process of development in under develop areas with the aim of profiting from it later2.What is GE trying to achieve by moving some of the headquarters of its global notees to foreign locations? How might such moves benefit the company? Do these moves benefit the Unites States? GE strongly believes that to succeed internationally, it must be close to its customers. Thats why it builds or transfers its headquarters abroad. The company might benefit from to a greater extent attractive location, Tax advantages, Lower wages, well-educated labor force, Costs reduction, Industry of specialization, Foreign government invitation, Good infrastructure.The USA can benefit from good theme of American companies, can establish diplomatic relationship with foreign counties, there might be a potential influence on Gross issue Product (GNP).3.What is the goal behind trying to internationalize these ranks? What do you think it means to internationalize these ranks?The goal behind internationalization is to get closer to its customers and have better knowledge of the local market, local culture and language of the country that they are doing business. Internationalize is the integration of the local market knowledge and application of ethnic sensitivity approach through engaging their local managers in the managerial decision-making process.4.What does the GE example tell you about the nature of true global business?GEs example tells us that the true global business is a business that is headquartered locally (in overseas) for the aim of getting closer to its customers. It exploits their local market knowledge as well as their local culture and language knowledge.

Rat Pow

RAT POW Problem Statement I this POW we were assigned to honour the population of the exponential function growth of a rat population, residing on a perfect, utopian island after a year. Organisms will flourish prosperity on the Island and no deaths would occur. The journey began when just now 2 full-grown rats, the one original male and female, arrived on the island. Their offspring would be determined by the following Every day from January 1st, the original make would give birth to a liter of 6 infant rats. Within this 6, half would brood of female offspring, leaving the other half to become male.She would tarry to produce offspring every 40 days (the 1st Generation of Offspring). The 1st Generation would then produce their 2nd generation of offspring cxx days after their birth. Finally, the 2nd Generation would produce the 3rd Generation of their offspring after 40 days. Process I organized my final entropy in a instrument panel format, but it was not a result of my numb er one attempts to solve the problem by any means. First, I made a sort of chart solely calculating which days were the markers for the original Mothers babies (the 1st Generation).I counted 40 continuous days, starting from January 1st, and when I got to the 40th day after January first (which was February 9th) I started over counting from 1-40 once again. I continued on with this method to conclude that 9 cycles of descendants would occur during 365 life span, reproducing every 40 days. In addition, I also had the dates of each of the days that Generation 1 would be produced, which I found out was no use to my problem or solution. From in that location, I thought I could simply count the days that the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generations were born, but then I came to a realization with just how many rats there would actually be.I came to the assumption that such a tactic would take a tremendous amount of time to complete and that a different, and more efficient guide should be perused. So I got together with a friend to see if we could come up with a competent strategy. We decided we would conduct the family tree strategy, so we first taped many regular printer paper sheets together to have enough space for the tree. We started with a Male and Female plot, and attempted to leg of from there to depict each generation accurately.We quickly learned that our procedure, and the rate we were going, would probably take days to complete and that is was completely insufficient time-wise. We tried to find ways around it, and eventually decided to call it a day. At home, I explain the situation to one of my parents and they have me the idea for a table. It would consist of time intervals by day (day 1, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280, 320, and 360), the breeders during that time/day, and the number of rats during that day included in either the 1st Generation, 2nd Generation, of 3rd Generation.On day 1, there were 2 Breeders (the original Mother and Father), six 1st Genera tion babies, and no 2nd or 3rd Generations yet. On day 40, there were still only 2 breeders (the Mother and Father because the babies had just been born), 6 1st Generation bollocks up rats, 6 2nd Generation baby Rats, and no 3rd generation baby rats. As you can observe in the table below, I continued on with the pattern until I got to day 360 and every column in the table with completed. I counted up the total number of rats in every column, and it totaled up to 1,808 rats which I knew was correct because I had official verification.

Rationalism: Empiricism and Knowledge Essay

First published Thu Aug 19, 2004 substantive revision Thu Mar 21, 2013 The dispute between freethinking and empiricism concerns the extent to which we ar qualified upon mavin inhabit in our effort to gain ground noesis. Rationalists claim that there are signifi shadowert ways in which our purposes and cognition are gained independently of sense experience. Empiricists claim that sense experience is the ultimate writer of alone our concepts and manageledge. Rationalists generally develop their view in ii ways.First, they entreat that there are cases where the guinea pig of our concepts or companionship outstrips the breeding that sense experience can generate. Second, they construct accounts of how cogitateableness in nearly mixed bag or other provides that additional schooling to the highest degree the humanness. Empiricists present complementary lines of thought. First, they develop accounts of how experience provides the information that lucidists cite, ins ofar as we encounter it in the first place. (Empiricists volition at times favour for skepticism as an alternative to rationalism if experience can non provide the concepts or bangledge the positivists cite, then we get int fool them.)Second, empiricists attack the positivists accounts of how cerebrate is a source of concepts or fellowship. 1. Introduction The dispute between rationalism and empiricism takes place within epistemology, the branch of philosophy devoted to studying the reputation, sources and limits of noesis. The defining questions of epistemology accept the following. 1. What is the nature of propositional cutledge, companionship that a particular proposition about(predicate) the valet is true? To know a proposition, we must believe it and it must be true, still something more than is required, something that distinguishes knowledge from a lucky guess.Lets call this additional element endorsement. A good deal of philosophical build has been invest ed in stressful to determine the nature of warrant. 2. How can we gain knowledge? We can form true beliefs just by making lucky guesses. How to gain warranted beliefs is less clear. Moreover, to know the world, we must think about it, and it is unclear how we gain the concepts we use in thought or what assurance, if whatsoever, we possess that the ways in which we basin up the world using our concepts correspond to divisions that actually exist. 3.What are the limits of our knowledge? approximately formulas of the world may be within the limits of our thought just now beyond the limits of our knowledge faced with competing descriptions of them, we cannot know which description is true. Some aspects of the world may flush be beyond the limits of our thought, so that we cannot form intelligible descriptions of them, let simply know that a particular description is true. The disagreement between rationalists and empiricists primarily concerns the second question, regarding the sources of our concepts and knowledge.In some instances, their disagreement on this topic leads them to give irrelevant responses to the other questions as well. They may disagree over the nature of warrant or about the limits of our thought and knowledge. Our focus here will be on the competing rationalist and empiricist responses to the second question. 1. 1 Rationalism To be a rationalist is to adopt at least i of trey claims. The perception/ deductive conditioning dissertation concerns how we become warranted in believing propositions in a particular causa area.The Intuition/ certainty Thesis Some propositions in a particular subject area, S, are knowable by us by intuition alone still others are knowable by being reason outd from intuited propositions. Intuition is a form of rational insight. Intellectually grasping a proposition, we just see it to be true in such a way as to form a true, warranted belief in it. (As discussed in Section 2 below, the nature of this inte llectual seeing needs explanation. ) rebate is a process in which we derive conclusions from intuited expound by dint of valid objects, ones in which the conclusion must be true if the premises are true.We intuit, for example, that the number three is prime and that it is greater than two. We then deduce from this knowledge that there is a prime number greater than two. Intuition and evidence thus provide us with knowledge a priori, which is to say knowledge gained independently of sense experience. We can generate different renderings of the Intuition/Deduction thesis by substituting different subject areas for the variable S. Some rationalists take mathematics to be knowable by intuition and subtraction. Some place ethical justnesss in this category.Some include metaphysical claims, such as that God exists, we have free will, and our mind and body are decided substances. The more propositions rationalists include within the range of intuition and deduction, and the more c ontroversial the truth of those propositions or the claims to know them, the more radical their rationalism. Rationalists also vary the strength of their view by adjusting their apprehension of warrant. Some take warranted beliefs to be beyond even the slightest doubt and claim that intuition and deduction provide beliefs of this high epistemic status.Others interpret warrant more conservatively, say as belief beyond a reasonable doubt, and claim that intuition and deduction provide beliefs of that caliber. Still another dimension of rationalism depends on how its proponents understand the connection between intuition, on the one hand, and truth, on the other. Some take intuition to be infallible, claiming that whatever we intuit must be true. Others allow for the hypothesis of false intuited propositions. The second thesis associated with rationalism is the congenital knowledge thesis.The indispensable familiarity Thesis We have knowledge of some truths in a particular subjec t area, S, as part of our rational nature. Like the Intuition/Deduction thesis, the internal acquaintance thesis asserts the instauration of knowledge gained a priori, independently of experience. The difference between them rests in the accompanying understanding of how this a priori knowledge is gained. The Intuition/Deduction thesis cites intuition and subsequent deductive conclude. The Innate Knowledge thesis offers our rational nature. Our innate knowledge is not learned through either sense experience or intuition and deduction.It is just part of our nature. Experiences may trigger a process by which we get under ones skin this knowledge to consciousness, but the experiences do not provide us with the knowledge itself. It has in some way been with us all along. According to some rationalists, we gained the knowledge in an earlier existence. According to others, God provided us with it at creation. Still others say it is part of our nature through natural selection. We get different versions of the Innate Knowledge thesis by substituting different subject areas for the variable S.Once again, the more subjects included within the range of the thesis or the more controversial the claim to have knowledge in them, the more radical the form of rationalism. Stronger and weaker understandings of warrant yield inexpugnableer and weaker versions of the thesis as well. The third in-chief(postnominal) thesis of rationalism is the Innate fancy thesis. The Innate Concept Thesis We have some of the concepts we employ in a particular subject area, S, as part of our rational nature. According to the Innate Concept thesis, some of our concepts are not gained from experience.They are part of our rational nature in such a way that, while sense experiences may trigger a process by which they are brought to consciousness, experience does not provide the concepts or determine the information they contain. Some claim that the Innate Concept thesis is entailed by the Inn ate Knowledge Thesis a particular instance of knowledge can only if be innate if the concepts that are contained in the known proposition are also innate. This is Lockes position (1690, Book I, Chapter IV, Section 1, p. 91). Others, such as Carruthers, argue against this connection (1992, pp. 5354).The content and strength of the Innate Concept thesis varies with the concepts claimed to be innate. The more a concept seems removed from experience and the mental trading operations we can perform on experience the more plausibly it may be claimed to be innate. Since we do not experience perfect triangles but do experience pains, our concept of the former is a more promising candidate for being innate than our concept of the latter. The Intuition/Deduction thesis, the Innate Knowledge thesis, and the Innate Concept thesis are essential to rationalism to be a rationalist is to adopt at least one of them.Two other fast related theses are generally adopted by rationalists, although one can certainly be a rationalist without adopting either of them. The first is that experience cannot provide what we gain from reason. The Indispensability of Reason Thesis The knowledge we gain in subject area, S, by intuition and deduction, as well as the ideas and instances of knowledge in S that are innate to us, could not have been gained by us through sense experience. The second is that reason is superior to experience as a source of knowledge.The Superiority of Reason Thesis The knowledge we gain in subject area S by intuition and deduction or have innately is superior to any knowledge gained by sense experience. How reason is superior needs explanation, and rationalists have offered different accounts. One view, generally associated with Descartes (1628, Rules II and III, pp. 14), is that what we know a priori is certain, beyond even the slightest doubt, while what we believe, or even know, on the basis of sense experience is at least somewhat uncertain. other view, general ly associated with Plato.(Republic 479e-484c), locates the superiority of a priori knowledge in the objects known. What we know by reason alone, a Platonic form, say, is superior in an cardinal metaphysical way, e. g. unchanging, eternal, perfect, a higher degree of being, to what we are aware of through sense experience. Most forms of rationalism involve notable loyaltys to other philosophical positions. One is a commitment to the denial of scepticism for at least some area of knowledge. If we claim to know some truths by intuition or deduction or to have some innate knowledge, we obviously reject scepticism with regard to those truths.Rationalism in the form of the Intuition/Deduction thesis is also committed to epistemic foundationalism, the view that we know some truths without basing our belief in them on any others and that we then use this foundational knowledge to know more truths. 1. 2 Empiricism Empiricists recognize the following claim for some subject area. The Empiri cism Thesis We have no source of knowledge in S or for the concepts we use in S other than sense experience. Empiricism about a particular subject rejects the corresponding version of the Intuition/Deduction thesis and Innate Knowledge thesis.Insofar as we have knowledge in the subject, our knowledge is a posteriori, dependent upon sense experience. Empiricists also deny the implication of the corresponding Innate Concept thesis that we have innate ideas in the subject area. Sense experience is our only source of ideas. They reject the corresponding version of the Superiority of Reason thesis. Since reason alone does not give us any knowledge, it certainly does not give us superior knowledge. Empiricists generally reject the Indispensability of Reason thesis, though they need not.The Empiricism thesis does not entail that we have empirical knowledge. It entails that knowledge can only be gained, if at all, by experience. Empiricists may assert, as some do for some subjects, that the rationalists are correct to claim that experience cannot give us knowledge. The conclusion they draw from this rationalist lesson is that we do not know at all. I have stated the staple fibre claims of rationalism and empiricism so that each is relative to a particular subject area. Rationalism and empiricism, so relativized, need not conflict.We can be rationalists in mathematics or a particular area of mathematics and empiricists in all or some of the physical sciences. Rationalism and empiricism only conflict when formulated to cover the same subject. Then the get by, Rationalism vs. Empiricism, is joined. The fact that philosophers can be both rationalists and empiricists has implications for the miscellanea schemes often employed in the history of philosophy, especially the one traditionally used to describe the Early Modern Period of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries leading up to Kant.It is standard practice to group the major philosophers of this period as either rationalists or empiricists and to suggest that those under one heading share a third estate agenda in opposition to those under the other. Thus, Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz are the Continental Rationalists in opposition to Locke, Berkeley and Hume, the British Empiricists. We should adopt such general variety schemes with caution. The views of the individual philosophers are more subtle and complex than the simple-minded classification suggests. (See Loeb (1981) and Kenny (1986) for important discussions of this point.)Locke rejects rationalism in the form of any version of the Innate Knowledge or Innate Concept theses, but he nonetheless adopts the Intuition/Deduction thesis with regard to our knowledge of Gods existence. Descartes and Locke have unco similar views on the nature of our ideas, even though Descartes takes many to be innate, while Locke ties them all to experience. The rationalist/empiricist classification also encourages us to expect the philosophers on each side of the divide to have common research programs in areas beyond epistemology.Thus, Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz are mistakenly seen as applying a reason-centered epistemology to a common metaphysical agenda, with each trying to improve on the efforts of the one before, while Locke, Berkeley and Hume are mistakenly seen as gradually rejecting those metaphysical claims, with each consciously trying to improve on the efforts of his predecessors. It is also important to note that the Rationalist/Empiricist distinction is not exhaustive of the possible sources of knowledge.One might claim, for example, that we can gain knowledge in a particular area by a form of Divine revelation or insight that is a product of neither reason nor sense experience. In short, when used carelessly, the labels rationalist and empiricist, as well as the slogan that is the title of this essay, Rationalism vs. Empiricism, can retard rather than advance our understanding. Nonetheless, an important debate p roperly described as Rationalism vs. Empiricism is joined wheneverthe claims for each view are formulated to cover the same subject. What is perhaps the roughly interesting form of the debate occurs when we take the relevant subject to be truths about the remote world, the world beyond our own minds. A full-fledged rationalist with regard to our knowledge of the external world holds that some external world truths can and must be known a priori, that some of the ideas required for that knowledge are and must be innate, and that this knowledge is superior to any that experience could ever provide.The full-fledged empiricist about our knowledge of the external world replies that, when it comes to the nature of the world beyond our own minds, experience is our sole source of information. Reason might inform us of the relations among our ideas, but those ideas themselves can only be gained, and any truths about the external reality they represent can only be known, on the basis of se nse experience. This debate concerning our knowledge of the external world will generally be our main focus in what follows.Historically, the rationalist/empiricist dispute in epistemology has extended into the area of metaphysics, where philosophers are concerned with the basic nature of reality, including the existence of God and such aspects of our nature as freewill and the relation between the mind and body. Major rationalists (e. g. , Descartes 1641) have presented metaphysical theories, which they have claimed to know by reason alone.Major empiricists (e. g. Hume 173940) have rejected the theories as either speculation, beyond what we can learn from experience, or nonsensical attempts to describe aspects of the world beyond the concepts experience can provide. The debate raises the issue of metaphysics as an area of knowledge. Kant puts the driving assumption clearly The very concept of metaphysics ensures that the sources of metaphysics cant be empirical.If something could b e known through the senses, that would automatically show that it doesnt belong to metaphysics thats an upshot of the implication of the word metaphysics. Its basic principles can never be taken from experience, nor can its basic concepts for it is not to be physical but metaphysical knowledge, so it must be beyond experience. 1783, Preamble, I, p. 7 The possibility then of metaphysics so understood, as an area of human knowledge, hinges on how we resolve the rationalist/empiricist debate. The debate also extends into ethics.Some moral objectivists (e. g. , Ross 1930) take us to know some fundamental objective moral truths by intuition, while some moral skeptics, who reject such knowledge, (e. g. , Mackie 1977) find the appeal to a faculty of moral intuition utterly implausible. More recently, the rationalist/empiricist debate has extended to discussions (e. g. , Bealer 1999, and Alexander & Weinberg 2007) of the very nature of philosophical inquiry to what extent are philosophica l questions to be answered by appeals to reason or experience?2. The Intuition/Deduction Thesis The Intuition/Deduction thesis claims that we can know some propositions by intuition and still more by deduction. Many empiricists (e. g. , Hume 1748) have been willing to accept the thesis so long as it is restricted to propositions solely about the relations among our own concepts. We can, they agree, know by intuition that our concept of God includes our concept of omniscience. Just by examining the concepts, we can intellectually grasp that the one includes the other.The debate between rationalists and empiricists is joined when the former assert, and the latter deny, the Intuition/Deduction Thesis with regard to propositions that contain substantive information about the external world. Rationalists, such as Descartes, have claimed that we can know by intuition and deduction that God exists and created the world, that our mind and body are distinct substances, and that the angles of a triangle equal two right angles, where all of these claims are truths about an external reality independent of our thought.Such substantive versions of the Intuition/Deduction thesis are our concern in this section. One defense of the Intuition/Deduction thesis assumes that we know some substantive external world truths, adds an analysis of what knowledge requires, and concludes that our knowledge must prove from intuition and deduction. Descartes claims that knowledge requires certainty and that certainty about the external world is beyond what empirical evidence can provide. We can never be sure our sensory impressions are not part of a ambitiousness or a massive, demon orchestrated, deception.Only intuition and deduction can provide the certainty needed for knowledge, and, given that we have some substantive knowledge of the external world, the Intuition/Deduction thesis is true. As Descartes tells us, all knowledge is certain and evident cognition (1628, Rule II, p. 1) and when we review all the actions of the intellect by means of which we are able to arrive at a knowledge of things with no fear of being mistaken, we recognize only two intuition and deduction (1628, Rule III, p. 3).This line of argument is one of the least compelling in the rationalist arsenal. First, the assumption that knowledge requires certainty comes at a heavy cost, as it rules out so much of what we commonly take ourselves to know. Second, as many contemporary rationalists accept, intuition is not always a source of certain knowledge. The possibility of a deceiver gives us a reason to doubt our intuitions as well as our empirical beliefs. For all we know, a deceiver might character us to intuit false propositions, just as one might cause us to have perceptions of nonexistent objects.Descartess classic way of conflux this challenge in the Meditations is to argue that we can know with certainty that no such deceiver interferes with our intuitions and deductions. They are infal lible, as God guarantees their truth. The problem, known as the Cartesian Circle, is that Descartess account of how we gain this knowledge begs the question, by attempting to deduce the conclusion that all our intuitions are true from intuited premises. Moreover, his account does not touch a remain problem that he himself notes (1628, Rule VII, p.7)Deductions of any appreciable length rely on our fallible memory. A more plausible argument for the Intuition/Deduction thesis again assumes that we know some particular, external world truths, and then appeals to the nature of what we know, rather than to the nature of knowledge itself, to argue that our knowledge must result from intuition and deduction. Leibniz (1704) tells us the following. The senses, although they are necessary for all our actual knowledge, are not enough to give us the whole of it, since the senses never give anything but instances, that is to say particular or individual truths.Now all the instances which confir m a general truth, however numerous they may be, are not sufficient to establish the universal destiny of this same truth, for it does not follow that what happened before will happen in the same way again. From which it appears that necessary truths, such as we find in pure mathematics, and particularly in arithmetic and geometry, must have principles whose proof does not depend on instances, nor consequently on the recommendation of the senses, although without the senses it would never have occurred to us to think of them (1704, Preface, pp.150151)Leibniz goes on to describe our mathematical knowledge as innate, and his argument may be directed to support the Innate Knowledge Thesis rather than the Intuition/Deduction Thesis. For our purposes here, we can relate it to the latter, however We have substantive knowledge about the external world in mathematics, and what we know in that area, we know to be necessarily true. Experience cannot warrant beliefs about what is necessaril y the case. Hence, experience cannot be the source of our knowledge. The best explanation of our knowledge is that we gain it by intuition and deduction.Leibniz mentions logic, metaphysics and morals as other areas in which our knowledge similarly outstrips what experience can provide. Judgments in logic and metaphysics involve forms of necessity beyond what experience can support. Judgments in morals involve a form of obligation or value that lies beyond experience, which only informs us about what is the case rather than about what ought to be. The strength of this argument varies with its examples of purported knowledge. Insofar as we focus on controversial claims in metaphysics, e. g.that God exists, that our mind is a distinct substance from our body, the initial premise that we know the claims is less than compelling.Taken with regard to other areas, however, the argument clearly has legs. We know a great deal of mathematics, and what we know, we know to be necessarily true. N one of our experiences warrants a belief in such necessity, and we do not seem to base our knowledge on any experiences. The warrant that provides us with knowledge arises from an intellectual grasp of the propositions which is clearly part of our learning.Similarly, we seem to have such moral knowledge as that, all other things being equal, it is wrong to break a promise and that pleasure is intrinsically good. No empirical lesson about how things are can warrant such knowledge of how they ought to be. This argument for the Intuition/Deduction Thesis raises additional questions which rationalists must answer. Insofar as they maintain that our knowledge of necessary truths in mathematics or elsewhere by intuition and deduction is substantive knowledge of the external world, they owe us an account of this form of necessity.Many empiricists stand ready to argue that necessity resides in the way we talk about things, not in the things we talk about (Quine 1966, p. 174). Similarly, if r ationalists claim that our knowledge in morals is knowledge of an objective form of obligation, they owe us an account of how objective values are part of a world of apparently valueless facts. Perhaps most of all, rationalist defenders of the Intuition/Deduction thesis owe us an account of what intuition is and how it provides warranted true beliefs about the external world. What is it to intuit a proposition and how does that act of intuition support a warranted belief?Their argument presents intuition and deduction as an explanation of assumed knowledge that cantthey saybe explained by experience, but such an explanation by intuition and deduction requires that we have a clear understanding of intuition and how it supports warranted beliefs. Metaphorical characterizations of intuition as intellectual grasping or seeing are not enough, and if intuition is some form of intellectual grasping, it appears that all that is grasped is relations among our concepts, rather than facts abou t the external world.Moreover, any intellectual faculty, whether it be sense perception or intuition, provides us with warranted beliefs only if it is generally reliable. The reliability of sense perception stems from the causal connection between how external objects are and how we experience them. What accounts for the reliability of our intuitions regarding the external world? Is our intuition of a particular true proposition the outcome of some causal interaction between ourselves and some aspect of the world? What aspect?What is the nature of this causal interaction? That the number three is prime does not appear to cause anything, let alone our intuition that it is prime. These issues are made all the more pressing by the classic empiricist response to the argument. The reply is generally credited to Hume and begins with a division of all true propositions into two categories. All the objects of human reason or inquiry may naturally be divided into two kinds, to wit, Relations of Ideas, and Matters of Fact. Of the first are the sciences of Geometry, Algebra, and Arithmetic, and, in short, every affirmation which is either intuitively or demonstratively certain. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the square of the two sides is a proposition which expresses a relation between these figures. That three times five is equal to half of thirty expresses a relation between these numbers. Propositions of this kind are discoverable by the mere operation of thought, without dependence on what is anywhere existent in the universe.Though there never were a circle or triangle in nature, the truths demonstrated by Euclid would ever retain their certainty and evidence. Matters of fact, which are the second objects of human reason, are not ascertained in the same manner, nor is our evidence of their truth, however great, of a like nature with the foregoing. The contrary of every matter of fact is still possible, because it can never imply a contradiction and is conceived by the mind with the same facility and keenness as if ever so conformable to reality.(Hume 1748, Section IV, Part 1, p. 40) Intuition and deduction can provide us with knowledge of necessary truths such as those found in mathematics and logic, but such knowledge is not substantive knowledge of the external world. It is only knowledge of the relations of our own ideas. If the rationalist shifts the argument so it appeals to knowledge in morals, Humes reply is to offer an analysis of our moral concepts by which such knowledge is empirically gained knowledge of matters of fact. ethics and criticism are not so properly objects of the understanding as of taste and sentiment. Beauty, whether moral or natural, is felt more properly than perceived. Or if we reason concerning it and endeavor to fix the standard, we regard a new fact, to wit, the general taste of mankind, or some other fact which may be the object of reasoning and inquiry. (Hume 1748, Section XII, Part 3, p. 173) If the rationalist appeals to our knowledge in metaphysics to support the argument, Hume denies that we have such knowledge.If we take in our hand any volumeof divinity or school metaphysics, for instancelet us ask, Does it contain any abstract reasoning concerning quantity or number? No. Does it contain any experimental reasoning concerning matter of fact and existence? No. Commit it then to the flames, for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion. (Hume 1748, Section XII, Part 3, p. 173) An updated version of this general empiricist reply, with an increased emphasis on language and the nature of meaning, is given in the twentieth-century by A.J. Ayers version of logical positivism. Adopting positivisms chip theory of meaning, Ayer assigns every cognitively meaningful sentence to one of two categories either it is a tautology, and so true solely by virtue of the meaning of its terms and provides no substantive information about the world, or it is open to empirical veri fication. There is, then, no room for knowledge about the external world by intuition or deduction. There can be no a priori knowledge of reality.For the truths of pure reason, the propositions which we know to be valid independently of all experience, are so only in virtue of their lack of factual content By contrast empirical propositions are one and all hypotheses which may be substantiate or discredited in actual sense experience. Ayer 1952, pp. 86 9394 The rationalists argument for the Intuition/Deduction Thesis goes wrong at the start, according to empiricists, by assuming that we can have substantive knowledge of the external world that outstrips what experience can warrant. We cannot. This empiricist reply faces challenges of its own.Our knowledge of mathematics seems to be about something more than our own concepts. Our knowledge of moral judgments seems to concern not just how we feel or act but how we ought to behave. The general principles that provide a basis for the empiricist view, e. g. Humes overall account of our ideas, the Verification Principle of Meaning, are problematic in their own right. In various formulations, the Verification Principle fails its own test for having cognitive meaning. A careful analysis of Humes Inquiry, relative to its own principles, may require us to consign large sections of it to the flames.In all, rationalists have a strong argument for the Intuition/Deduction thesis relative to our substantive knowledge of the external world, but its success rests on how well they can answer questions about the nature and epistemic force of intuition made all the more pressing by the classic empiricist reply. 3. The Innate Knowledge Thesis The Innate Knowledge thesis joins the Intuition/Deduction thesis in asserting that we have a priori knowledge, but it does not offer intuition and deduction as the source of that knowledge.It takes our a priori knowledge to be part of our rational nature. Experience may trigger our awarene ss of this knowledge, but it does not provide us with it. The knowledge is already there. Plato presents an early version of the Innate Knowledge thesis in the Meno as the philosophical system of knowledge by recollection. The doctrine is motivated in part by a paradox that arises when we attempt to explain the nature of inquiry. How do we gain knowledge of a theorem in geometry? We inquire into the matter. Yet, knowledge by inquiry seems unachievable (Meno, 80d-e).We either already know the theorem at the start of our investigation or we do not. If we already have the knowledge, there is no place for inquiry. If we lack the knowledge, we dont know what we are seeking and cannot recognize it when we find it. Either way we cannot gain knowledge of the theorem by inquiry. Yet, we do know some theorems. The doctrine of knowledge by recollection offers a solution. When we inquire into the truth of a theorem, we both do and do not already know it. We have knowledge in the form of a mem ory gained from.

Gantt Chart Using Excel

take care- prudence with Gantt-graphs OpenOffice. org 2. 0 Calc Projekt-Management und Gantt-Diagramm mit OpenOffice. org 2. 0 Calc and Comment creer un diagramme de Gantt avec OpenOffice. org 1. 1 First variations 2005-06-06 and 2003-01-03 First English edition 2005-11-09 Contents Contents Contents. 1 Copyright and trademark information Feedback. 2 Ack at one timeledgments. 2 Modifications and updates. 3 Overview.. Starting the Process.. 2 Converting the simple bar-chart into a Gantt chart.. 5 Using the chart as a graphic in former(a) applications 9 Extending Gantt charting for Project Management.. 11 About the large .. 12 Example Planning a relocation 13 Controlling the Project.. 17 Public sustenance License, Version 1. 0 19 Project-Management with Gantt-Charts ternion Copyright and trademark information Copyright and trademark informationThe contents of this keep be subject to the Public corroboration License, Version 1. 0 (the License) you may only practice this living if you stick with with the terms of this License. A copy of the License is functional at http//www. outdoorsoffice. org/licenses/PDL. rtf The Original credential is Comment creer un diagramme de Gantt avec OpenOffice. org. The Initial writer of the Original reenforcement is Serge LE LOUARNE Copyright 2003. All Rights Reserved. (Initial writer contact(s) serge. emailprotected fr. endorser(s) DIETMAR HILLER Portions created by DIETMAR HILLER are Copyright 2005.All Rights Reserved. (Contributor contact(s) emailprotected de. Contributor(s) G. Roderick Singleton. Portions created by G. Roderick Singleton are Copyright 2005. All Rights Reserved. (Contributor contact(s)emailprotected org . Portions created by ______ are Copyright _________insert year(s). All Rights Reserved. (Contributor contact(s)________________insert hyperlink/alias). All trademarks within this guide belong to legitimate owners. Note a copy of the PDL is included in this template and is also available at http//w ww. openoffice. org/licenses/PDL. rtf. FeedbackPlease direct either comments or suggestions astir(predicate) this document to emailprotected org Acknowledgments I wish to thank every member of the German and French Native verbiage Communities who are non mentioned but chaird to my being able to provide a translation. To S. Schneider for fixing my errors and grammar. Project-Management with Gantt-Charts ii Copyright and trademark information Modifications and updates Version 1. 0 1. 1 Date 2005-11-09 2005-11-12 verbal description of Change grs Initial edition issued for comment ss Proofed edition issued for publication Project-Management with Gantt-Charts ii Overview Overview Gantt Charts are a way to graphically yield progress of a project. Management of a project is made easier if it is viewed as small manageable items where the dependencies are visually illustrated, parallel puzzle outes are discovered, the overall processing time determined and progress tracked. The taxs of a project back end be quite complex and dependent on each new(prenominal). With a project charge tool, such as a Gantt chart,all subtasks of a task can be viewed graphically. In this document a relocation-process to an an other(a)(prenominal) city is used for all examples and is based upon the accomp eaching Calc template, . jm_template_english. ots which may be downloaded from http//documentation. openoffice. org/HOW_TO/ move DD to M House-hunting Cancel apartment DD Cancel bankings order New leasing contract Organise relocation Send out new address Forwarding postulation Relocation Registration office Furnish the flat Reregister car Open an deem Move bank account Relocation completed 01/04/05 01/05/05 31/05/05 01/07/05 31/07/05 31/08/05 30/09/05 Undone Done Start Illustration 1 The faultless example In illustration 1, the subtasks of the relocation-process appear on the y-axis, and the time parameter on the x-axis.The bars show when a task should baffle and when it pu ll up stakes be finished. Blue bars show tasks which have been completed. Yellow bars show work which still must be done. Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 5 Starting the Process Starting the Process To chart a project, all the sub-tasks must first be collected in a spreadsheet. In this simple example there is the name of the task, the start-date and the epoch in calendar days Illustration 2 business list This simplified project consists of eight subtasks Task 1 to Task 8. Next, begin creating the chart by selecting InsertChart Illustration 3 Create the chartFrom the dialogue AutoFormat Chart define the selection range. Neither the first row (containing the column label) nor the first column (containing the task name) should be included as data. Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 2 Starting the Process Click Next , and choose the Chart type Illustration 4 Choose chart type Choose the swimming bar-chart and click Columns to indicate that the data are arranged in columnar for m. Note This changes the assignment of the axis in OpenOffice. org Calc. Now the horizontal axis is called Y and the vertical axis is called X. Click Next and choose the variant StackedIllustration 5 Create chart with stacked bars Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 3 Starting the Process Click Next once again and enter chart and axis titles Illustration 6 Adapt chart labeling The first Gantt Chart appears as follows Illustration 7 Bar chart The task names are on the vertical axis (Task 1 to Task 8) and the time line is on the horizontal axis. Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 4 Converting the simple bar-chart into a Gantt chart Converting the simple bar-chart into a Gantt chart In order to edit the properties of an fragment in the diagram,. double-click the chart to select it.Next, right-click to open the context menu and gain access to the chart properties Illustration 8 Edit diagram properties Note contain that no element in the diagram is selected, because otherwise the axis-properties can not be edited Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 5 Converting the simple bar-chart into a Gantt chart Select the y-axis, which now is the horizontal time line. (One could also select the horizontal axis using a left-click accordingly right-click to open the context menu and finally choose purpose Properties to format this axis. ) Set the Minimum to the real start-date, In this example this is 01/01/05.Further much the axis should get the start date, so check the checkbox Automatic in the line axis of rotation at Illustration 9 Adjust the time line This produces a chart as follows Illustration 10 Gantt chart Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 6 Converting the simple bar-chart into a Gantt chart The orange bar symbolizes the time up to the start of the task. This bar should be made invisible. For this select the orange bar with a left-click, and then open its Object Properties after a right click. Under the tab Borders choose Style Invisible, and under the tab Area choose Fill None.Now the chart presents itself as follows Illustration 11 The completed Gantt chart Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 7 Converting the simple bar-chart into a Gantt chart Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 8 Using the chart as a graphic in other applications Using the chart as a graphic in other applications To use the Gantt-chart as a picture in another application, celebrate the whole Calc document as HTML. This generates not only the HTML-file, but also a jpeg-file containing the chart which can then be included in other documents, such as anOpenOffice. org impress presentation.Remember to give the graphic a more descriptive name than, the the name suggested when the document is exported to HTML so that it can be found easily later Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 9 Using the chart as a graphic in other applications Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 10 Extending Gantt charting for Project Management Extending Gantt charting for Project Manag ement In order to manage a project, still more information is needed. The progress of each task should be tracked as a percentage of the task and displayed in the chart, and the dependencies of the subtasks should also be documented.Furthermore the start-date should be determined automatically based on these dependencies. To be able to create such a plan easily, a template was made by the German Native Language Community ( http//de. openoffice. org/ ) called pjm_template. ots. Illustration 12 Calc template pjm_template. ots The current version of Gantt. postal code contains the example spreadsheet and the spreadsheet itself can be downloaded from http//documentation. openoffice. org/HOW_TO/spreadsheet/pjm_template. ots Note This template uses macros and upon opening displays a security warning. Therefore, macros must be enabled to use the file.The file, created from the template, contains the following columns Info Information about the progress of the task No. unique n umber of the task. It is recommended to count in intervals of 100, to be able to add tasks later on Activity description of the task Start start-date of the task Duration planned or actual duration of the task in calendar days End end-date of the task. This gets reckon based on the start-date and duration. Progress in percentage Done Duration * progress Undone expected time remaining Duration Done 11 Project-Management with Gantt-ChartsExtending Gantt charting for Project Management Predecessor List of tasks, which have to be completed, before this task can start. Separation is made by spaces. The column titles in the first row can be labeled freely, but the columns must not change their position. Some columns have a colored background gray these columns contain formulas, which are calculated automatically light blue these columns can be edited manually, they can possibly be changed by the macro. It is recommended to use the last row for the end of the project. and so n ew tasks, which are inserted above, are displayed in the chart automatically.About the macro The macro is named update and is written in OpenOffice. org BASIC. The way it works follows this sequence ? ? Add duration and end-date, if they are missing For each row of the table 1. Where the task has not until now started (Progress = 0) Search for rows, whose number corresponds with the value in the column Predecessor. For those not familiar with project management terms, a predecessor is an employment that must be completed (or be partially completed) before a specified activity can begin. ( See http//www. apm. org. uk/page. asp? categoryID=4=29=0 for definitions. a) come up latest possible end-date of these rows b) Set the successor start-date to this end-date ? ? Where the task is finished (Progress = 100%) 1. Determine duration from start-date and end-date Illustrate information of task ? The meaning of this list of steps is set forth later on in this document. The macro expects that the first row contains the headlines, the tasks start in row 2 and the columns are in the same place as in the example. Additional columns (for comments or some other purpose) must be located at the end. Note The maximum number of predecessors is limited to 9. Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 2 Extending Gantt charting for Project Management Example Planning a relocation This section describes the process of relocating from one city to another city and is based upon the template, pjm_template. ots. The first step is to create a list with all subtasks Illustration 13 List of subtasks In preparing the set of tasks, getting mail forwarded was missed. So we inserted the activity Forwarding request in row 8 after the fact. Therefore this activity has the number 650. Inserting a row does not automatically copy whatsoever formulae, thus all the formulae must be copied to each cell in the new row manually.Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 13 Extending Gantt charting for Projec t Management Next insert the start-date for the not-dependent tasks, as well as duration and expected enddate Illustration 14 Insert start- and end-date House-hunting starts on 01/03 and should be finished by 31/08. For all the other tasks the duration is presumption. Now, define the dependencies of the tasks. The relocation (700) for example can not start before the new leasing contract is sign(a) (400) and the relocation is organized (500). The tasks 300-9999 have no dependencies, thus there are no start-dates for these tasks.Illustration 15 Define dependencies Next insert the start-date for the not-dependent tasks, as well as duration and expected enddate Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 14 Extending Gantt charting for Project Management Illustration 16 Insert start- and end-date House-hunting starts on 01/03 and should be finished by 31/08. For all the other tasks the duration is given. Now define the dependencies of the tasks. For example, relocation (700) can not start b efore the new leasing contract is signed (400) and relocation is organized (500). The tasks 300-9999 have no dependencies, thus there are no start-dates for these tasks.Illustration 17 Define dependencies As 20% of house-hunting are already done, and the current apartment is already canceled, the progress is 20% and 100% respectively. Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 15 Extending Gantt charting for Project Management Illustration 18 Calculated duration At this point call the macro by clicking on the thrust Update. The duration and end-dates are calculated, and the column start is completed. Illustration 19 The appropriate chart The organization of the relocation, the registration at the office and the opening of an account can be done simultaneously.On the other hand the bank account can not be moved immediately, because the current apartment is not yet relocated. Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 16 Extending Gantt charting for Project Management Controlling the Project Dur ing any project, start by implementing several subtasks. To begin a subtask, insert the start date in the column Start. Set the progress to a value greater than zero (1% e. g. ), so that Update will no longer change this date. If a task is completed, insert the real End-date, delete the duration and set the progress to 100%. When calling Update the next time, the required duration will be calculated.After each change in the table,invoke the macro Update to update the table accordingly. The Info column shows the current status of the project Illustration 20 remit during project-controlling House-hunting has begun and is on schedule according to the progress The apartment has already been canceled, the task is completed. Cancelling the banks order is due and not on schedule, this means, that the end-date is prior to the current date. All the other tasks are not due yet, they are not marked. Project-Management with Gantt-Charts 17 Extending Gantt charting for Project Management Projec t-Management with Gantt-Charts 8 Public backup License, Version 1. 0 Public Documentation License, Version 1. 0 1. 0 DEFINITIONS. 1. 1. Commercial exercise means distribution or otherwise making the Documentation available to a third party. 1. 2. Contributor means a person or entity who creates or contributes to the creation of Modifications. 1. 3. Documentation means the Original Documentation or Modifications or the combination of the Original Documentation and Modifications, in each case including portions thereof. 1. 4. electronic Distribution Mechanism means a mechanism generally accepted for the electronic transfer of data. 1. 5. Initial source means the man-to-man or entity identified as the Initial generator in the notice required by the addition. 1. 6. 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Mexican War

The Mexican War is often regarded as one of the United States about contentious wars. The image of Manifest Destiny was beginning to consume the minds of m both Democratic Americans. They wished for the United States to expand their land to possess a continental control it was believed that more(prenominal) land would mean furthered economical success. Meanwhile, the Whigs felt that the key to expanding the country was embracing the economical endeavors that were already being pursued.In order for the continent to be occultd by Americans, western expansion would need to occur, taking land from Mexico. Mexicans had long threatened that if the United States decided to impose on their territories and annex Texas, they would begin a well-be foxd war with the country. When James K. Polk, a Whig president, agreed to declare war on Mexico, turmoil began to arise. Americans were incredibly victorious and undefeated between 1846 and 1848, while the war was occurring, and compile extens ive amounts of land that had been under Mexican rule. That is when the true war really began.American citizens in New England, the West, and the South all had very different political motives that greatly challenged the sectioned interests regarding state versus federal agency, betrayal of political parties, and the ideal plan for incorporating brand-new regions into a very polarized country. When the new land was acquired from Mexico, there was a kind of heated argument on whether it should be considered a free state or a slave state. In 1849, Zachary Taylor became the last Whig president and decided in favor of making California and New Mexico automatically admitted free states.Southerners, who were pro-slavery, were primarily Whigs and felt that their president was alienating them. Politicians supposedly standing for southern views were instead collaborating with Federal efforts. Some southerners took the idea to such an extreme that they were known as fire-eaters and met to discuss plans for secession at the Nashville Convention. Since politicians were non staying true to their parties, it became a lot more uncontrollable for American citizens to truly trust their elected officials.The North and South had such different economical priorities regarding slavery that it was hard for a political figure not to need to take a side. No matter which side they would have chosen, half of the country would end up being displeased. The mistrust in political parties began to break-down the two-party system within the United States. New parties such as the Know Nothing Party and the Free Soil Party began to emerge in rebellion. By 1854, the Whig Party has been disassembled entirely, and the Democrats began a split into the two most prominent modern political parties Democrats and Republicans.The Mexican War really led the beginning of regionalization and political stance interfering with national advancement. Between the North and the South, neither side was tr uly able to settle somewhat having slavery, or not having slavery, within the new states. Each wanted to force their view onto the new western lands. At the time, the federal government felt that during their annexation, they had the ability to choose the status of rights within the states. This brought about the proposal of the via media of 1850, by Henry Clay.Basically, the proposal meant that California would be deemed a free state by the federal government, moreover New Mexico and doh would be granted the freedom to choose being a free state or a slave state by popular sovereignty. Since most citizens in the western areas were in favor of abolition, the North was generally pleased with this component of the compromise. However, it also worked to suit the South by passing the Fugitive slave Law, which would allow southerners to pursue the recapturing of their escaped slaves.Abolitionists within the North were very angered by this idea, causing southerners to be more likely to antagonize northerners by invading the North in search of their African American fugitives. While the compromise was intended to give both the North and the South some benefit that they desired, to each one side still felt the need to overpower the other. This continued throughout the time period and reignited fiercer in 1854, after the passing of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. This act repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and again allowed popular sovereignty to decide the fate of slavery within Kansas and Nebraska.This provoked both southerners and northerners to send masses to the territories in order to try to dominate the votes. The New England Emigrant Aid Company was founded in the North to force immigrants that were against slavery into Kansas so that it would be annexed into the United States as a free state. The sectional dividing of the North and the South pushed citizens of each region to attempt to manipulate politics to allow new regions to reflect corresponding int erests. The West was generally very trampled by northerners and southerners.The area was more undeveloped, but truly was the region that the land expansion would affect most. Westerners generally did not have a lot of political power in the mid-1800s, as citizens from the South and from New England felt they could just dominate with their views. The westerners tried not to really interfere with the feuding between the North and the South, though tended to have more similar views with the North. Only a small section of citizens in the West desired slave states, so they were preferably agreeable to the Compromise of 1850.By having the compromise initiated, it would give freedom to the new western states, which was much desired. The West was very in favor of self-ruling, so popular sovereignty was greatly desired. The West remained so-so(p) throughout the impacts of the Mexican War, and was greatly against the sectionalism it had caused. Being caught in the middle put the West in a r ough position to get controlled by the other rivaling sections. It was accepted that something require to develop a form of law and order to unite the United States together.This raised a debating needion on how much should the government govern its territory, and how should new land have its fate decided. With the country sectionalized, there would always be a disagreement on which views were right to enlighten in the new area. Whichever should be chosen would simply further advance the domination of that interest. Henry Thoreau was a very strong anti-slavery leader, who in his essay urbane Disobedience wrote, That government is best which governs least.This stands true yet contradicting for the views of Western citizens, as they wished to be set free from the sectionalized government dictating and fighting over the new region, but also false in the sense that it was apparent that that could only truly occur if the country was able to band together as a whole. Differences neede d to be overcome, and the debates after the Mexican War only alienated westerners who did not wish to be sectionalized. The Mexican War was a very influential take in American history. The impacts that it made stirred up debate that could not truly reach a true resolution.Each section of the United States had its own idea of how issues should be handled, and the federal government was not able to suit all three sections at once. The sectional interests of the North and South especially reached new extremes as political actions bounced between favoritism. The West, in result, went even more extreme in wanted their independence to choose their political stance on their own rather than get trapped in between the debate over slavery. The Untied States began its whirlwind towards continual splitting and disagreement that would eventual cause the Civil War.Between 1848 and 1855, the sectional interests overran any unity that remained in the United States as the debates that occurred elim inated trust within the government and destroyed the party system of the time. The United States was going through a item of rapid change to find a solution that could suit each region of the country and still maintain a federal level of governing. The quest for compromise met many tedious conflicts, making the Mexican War spark the beginning of one of Americas biggest civil disagreements.

Network Security Plan Essay

INTRODUCTION (Purpose and Intent)The raft technical school IT Network gage Plan establishes guide accounts for IT practices utilize on a day to day basis to provide a secure and robust reckoning environment. These practices ar functiond in order to protect the mission, operation, and character of comp some(prenominal) tech System and its tuition dodges. These system warrantor policies, standards, and procedures that bear been established for the green goddess technical school System, argon intended to comply with the regulations and policies set coldcock by the State of Florida, sens Tech, and the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA).SCOPEThese standards and procedures apply to all cultivation systems and resources under the control of mickle Tech, including all computers connecting to the muckle Tech entanglement and all weed Tech System employees, contractors, and any other individuals who use and/or administer those systems and computers, partic ularly those snarled with information system management.STANDARD PROVISIONS throne Tech IT result manage risk by targeting, evaluating, controlling, and mitigating vulnerabilities that are a potential threat to the entropy and information systems under its control. User accounts and passwords are implemented to maintain individual accountability for interlock resource usage. Any user who obtains an account and password for cominging a Corporation Tech provided resource, is required to keep these credentials confidential. Users of these systems whitethorn except use the accounts and passwords for which they have been assigned and authorized to use, and are prohibitedfrom using the earnings to access these systems through any other means. This plan also prohibits the sharing of personal user accounts or passwords for accessing Corporation Tech or earnings computing resources. In the interest of maintaining account earnest, passwords exit be changed on a regular schedule or anytime the integrity of the account is in question.Corporation Tech IT net profit or computing resources may not be use for personal commercial purposes, for personal profit or to violate the laws and regulations of the United States or any other nation, or the laws and regulations of any state, city, province or other local jurisdiction in any material way. Use of Corporation Tech resources for any illegal activity may result in loss of network access privileges, official reprimand, suspension or dismissal. Corporation Tech ply cooperate with any legitimate law enforcement agency or inquiry in the investigation and prosecution of any alleged wrongful activity. Corporation Techs network or Internet facilities may not be apply to disable or overload any computer system or network, or to circumvent any system intended to protect the privacy or security of another user.Corporation Tech owned networking and communications equipment, may only be moved by Network and Computing Sup be aring staff, or authorized agents. Reconfiguration of network hardware or software, except by designated individuals deep down IT, is strictly prohibited. Prior to connecting any server, network communication or monitoring device to the Corporation Tech Network, approval must be obtained from Data amount Communications. Attachment of any the following devices to the Corporation Tech network, other than those provided or approved by Network and Computing Support, is strictly prohibiteda. DHCP servers.b. DNS servers.c. NAT routers.d. Network Gateways.e. software capturing or network monitoring devices.f. Any device that disrupts or negatively impacts network operations.STATEMENT OF PROCEDURESThe procedures for conducting a risk assessment and for the control and mitigation of risks to the Corporation Tech Information Systems include communicate CONTROLCorporation Tech IT has software and systems in place that have the ability to monitor and record network, Internet and computer sys tem usage. This includes monitoring and security systems that are capable of recording network traffic, including traffic to World Wide meshing sites, chat rooms, newsgroups and e-mail messages, turn on servers, telnet sessions and file transfers into and out of our internal networks. This capability is necessary in order to maintain the health of Corporation Tech network operations and diagnose network related problems. Corporation Tech IT reserves the right to perform network monitoring at any time. The information collected may be used by technicians and management to assess network utilization and trends, and may also be provided to upper management or other authorities as say as part of any investigation of alleged constitution violations.Corporation Tech IT reserves the right to perform periodic port scans, segment sweeps, and photo scans on all network segments. Network operations, functions, and resources, which are not required as part of the normal and approved job dut ies or projects at Corporation Tech, may be bandwidth limited or blocked by network control devices in order to protect the integrity and availability of the overall system. Corporation Tech IT may suspend network access to any location or system that disrupts normal network operations or systems that violate Corporation Tech policy. In this event, an attempt leave behind be made to contact the responsible individual to resolve the problem.DHCP SERVICESCorporation Tech IT provides centralized and bare(a) DHCP and DNS services for Corporation Tech. Due to the nature of these services, and because of the potential disruption of service and possible security breaches resulting from incorrect apparatus of additional systems, attachment of wildcat DHCP or DNS servers is prohibited. The following guidelines must be followed when requesting or using any DHCP or DNS services Systems requiring an IP delivery must support DHCP and be capable of obtaining DHCP address information from one of the centrally administered University DHCP servers. Using DHCP, devices requesting an IP address will be assigned a dynamic pool address from the subnet to which the device is attached. Devices with dynamically assigned IP addresses may have their address change. Static IP addresses needed for server class machines or specialized clients must be communicate from the Data Center Communications Team via a Help Desk ticket.DNS SERVICESUser workstations, which have been assigned a dynamic pool IP address, will have an associated DNS name assigned by the network. Any DNS name or domain name that is to be associated with Corporation Tech network, must be put across from and/or registered through Web Services. DNS call ending in corptech.com are made available upon request for Corporation Tech approved services. Requests for assignment of DNS names must be for valid Corporation Tech related purposes.DNS names for domains other than corptech.com, and which are to be hosted by Corpor ation Tech systems, must be requested from Web Services. Any charges for initial or ongoing registration of the requested name are the responsibility of the requestor. DNS names, not in the corptech.com domain, will be handled on a case by case basis. Corporation Tech IT will work with any user requesting a domain name to identify an appropriate and available name, however Corporation Tech IT has final approval for all DNS name assignments.WIRELESS NETWORK SERVICESBecause wireless networks can be used to provide access to the same resources and services as pumped up(p) network systems, the same basic procedures that are used in a wired network environment can also be applied in a wireless network environment. However, due to the nature of wireless networks, additional security and control mechanisms are needed in order to maintain the security, operation and inter-operability of both traditional and wireless systems. Wireless routers are not appropriateed on the Corporation Tech n etwork unless they have been approved by Corporation Tech IT.Access to the Corporation Tech Wireless network is limited to individuals who have a Corporation Tech account except in locations where the guest network is available. The Corporation Tech Guest Network is segregated from the internal servers and resources used by authenticated users to keep the network secure. The Corporation Tech Guest Network is only available in approved areas, and require a request to be expanded into any other areas. Users of the Corporation Tech Guest Network are required to provide a valid cell phone consider in order to authenticate.Destruction and Disposal of Information and DevicesRestricted information must be disposed of in such manner as to check it cannot be retrieved and recovered by unauthorized persons. When donating, selling, transferring, surplusing or disposing of computers or removable media (such as DVDs), the neat procedures to make data unreadable on those media will be taken. A cceptable procedures are listed on ISSP-009, Medial Disposal.NETWORK ACCESSAnyone who uses the Corporation Tech computing environment must have appropriate status (e.g. management, employee, staff, or authorized third party) and must be properly authenticated when required. Access will be provided to vendors and or other Corporation Tech partners through the sponsored very important person account process, as described on http//www.corptech.com/it/services/vip.aspx. VIP accounts are reviewed and renewed on six month intervals to see if access is still needed. When an employee leaves the government activity accounts will be disabled at one time TERM status is updated, and individual departments must approve re-activation of account access.USER COMPUTING DEVICESUsers are responsible for the security and integrity of Corporation Tech information stored on their workstation, which includes controlling physical and network access to the equipment. Users may not run or otherwise assem ble software or hardware that may lease access by unauthorized users. Anti-virus software must be installed on all workstations that connect to the Corporation Tech Network. Corporation Tech Computers may not be used to copy, distribute, share, download, or upload any copyrighted material without the permission of the copyright owner.strong-arm ACCESSAccess to Corporation Tech IT Data Center should be restricted to those responsible for operation and precaution. Access by non-IT personnel is not permitted unless they are escorted by an authorized IT staff member. Computer installations should provide reasonable security measures to protect the computer system against natural disasters, accidents, loss or fluctuation of galvanic power, and sabotage. Networking and computing hardware are placed in secure and appropriately cooled areas for dataintegrity and securityNETWORK HARDWARENetwork hardware are housed behind a locked door to protect physical access to switches and other netwo rk hardware. Access is only leaseed though card access or with a checked out key. All switches and network hardware are password defend at a minimum via a local account setup on the device itself, these passwords are changed periodically as administrators leave the organization. Subnets allowed to authenticate with switch management will be restricted, to create tighter control of backend administration. Exec level access Timeouts implemented on Console and VTY lines, so that any idle sessions are terminated automatically. All switches are time synced using NTP, so that incidents can be tracked and correlated to the proper timeframe.SERVER ENVIRONMENTSAll servers are subject to a security audit and evaluation before they are placed into production. administrative access to servers must be password protected and use two-factor authentication whenever possible. Servers should be physically turn up in an access-controlled environment. All internal servers deployed at Corporation Tec h must be owned by an operational group that is responsible for system administration. Servers must be registered with the IT department. At a minimum, the following information is required to positively identify the point of contacta. Server owner contact(s) and location.b. Hardware and Operating System/Versionc. Main functions and applicationsd. MAC address (If not a virtual server)Services and applications that will not be used must be disabled where practical. Access to services should be logged and/or protected through access-control methods to the extent possible. The most recent security patches must be installed on the system as soon as practical. Do not use administrator or root access when a non-privileged account can be used. Privileged access must be performed over secure channels, (e.g., encrypted network connections using SSH or IPSec).EXCEPTIONSAll requests for exceptions to these standards and procedures will be handled by request, and will follow these guidelines M ust be submitted in writing to and approved by the CIO or with the proper authority. Will be reviewed on a case by case basis.NETWORK SECURITYCorporation Tech network design is strengthened around three principles, Defense-in-Depth, Compartmentalization of Information and Principle of Least Privilege. Our first step was to look at what we are protecting, which is ultimately our business and clients data and information. To ensure a sound architecture we started the design of our network with scalability in mind. It is important that our design is flexible enough to meet future needs. The threats we know about and slip today may not be the ones we face tomorrow. While developing security requirements for our IT system resources, we will determine if they are mission-critical or data-sensitive resources. This will allow us to determine where data confidentiality and integrity are the most important requirements, or where the priority is continuity of operation (availability).DEFENS E-IN-DEPTHNetwork safeguards offer the first security measure barrier of IT system resources against threats originating outside the network. These threats can be in the form of trespassers or malicious code. Our network design offers layered protections. What this means is the security layers full complement each other what one misses the other catches. This will be accomplished by locating security defenses in different places throughout our IT system, as vigorous as not using two of the same types of safeguards. Although this may increase the complexity of our security system and can potentially make management and maintenance more difficult and costly, we believe the safety of the IT system resources should be based on the protection. With defense-in-depth in mind, the first layer of our network security plan starts with our network perimeter security.The principle network security defenses are firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention systems (IPS/IDS), VPN protections an d content inspection systems like anti-virus, anti-malware, anti-spam and URL filtering. The traditional first line of defense against attacks is typically the firewall, which is put together to allow/deny traffic bysource/destination IP, port or protocol. Its very straight forward, each traffic is allowed or its blocked. With the advent of Next Generation firewalls, which can include application control, identity awareness and other capabilities such as IPS, network filtering, and advanced malware detection, all of these features can be controlled by one device.COMPARTMENTALIZATION OF INFORMATIONCorporation Tech will have IT system resources with different sensitiveness levels or different risk tolerance levels and threat susceptibilities. These resources should be located in different security zones. The idea is to hide the data or information and make it available only to those systems where it is necessary for conducting system tasks. Examples of this are E-mail, Web and DN S servers are located in the demilitarized zone behind the perimeter firewall. Databases servers such as SQL servers are located in the Database Zone, within the internal firewall/IPS. Intranet servers, file servers and user workstations are in the LAN zone within the internal firewall. The Internet is located in the Internet zone behind the perimeter firewall.Principle of Least PrivilegeCorporation Tech administrators and users will have minimal privileges necessary for proper functioning within the organization. This rule applies also to data and services made available for external users. An extension to this rule is the Need-To-Know principle which says that users and administrators of Corporation Tech IT system have access to only the information relevant to their role and duties performed. Other points of security that we will address in our network services availability is the one point of failure principle, the separation of duty and job rotation rules.The network paths amid users and mission-critical IT system resources, all the links, devices (networking and security) as well as the servers will be deployed in redundant configurations. The goal of the separation of duty and job rotation rule is to limit an employees ability to neglect and break the IT systems security policy. Separation of duty dictates that important tasks/functions should be performed by two or more employees. Job rotation states that there should be rotation of employees in important positions.NETWORK HARDENINGFor each layer of security, we will ensure they are running the most up-to-date software and operating systems, and that the devices are assemble properly.SECURITY ZONESIntrusion Prevention (IPS) devices are responsible for detecting and blocking penetrations and attacks conducted by intruders and malicious malware applications. We recommend an IPS be installed in the network path between potential threat sources and sensitive IT system resources. Attacks through encry pted SSL sessions are a potential vulnerability so we recommend decrypting the sessions prior to it reaching the IPS device in order to inspect unencrypted packets.The IPS will be properly optimized and monitored to catch attackers that have slipped past the first defense (firewall/router). Internal networks will not have necessitate access to the Internet so a Trojan sent to a users workstation through a phishing attack would not allow the intruder to connect to the external network. Internet services are available for internal users only through company email and HTTP Proxy servers.ENABLE SECURE NETWORK ACCESSWe will install a VPN that is configured to allow encrypted communication to our network from the outside. Utilizing two-factor authentication, ensuring the integrity of the users making the request. This is external-facing to our network and allows users to tunnel into our LAN from the outside once the appropriate measures are taken to secure access.SEGMENTED DMZThere will be a front-end firewall for the external traffic and a back-end firewall for the internal traffic. Firewall rules will be optimized and tightened on all publicly available systems to allow traffic to only the necessary ports and services living within the DMZ. Firewall rules have been created to only allow the source IP addresses and port to the specific servers and proxies have been added in the network from which administrators are allowed access to the systems. Systems within different VLANs (with a layer 3 switches) have been configured to help isolate and respond to incidents if a server in the DMZ is compromised. Authentication on the LAN is required before access to the DMZ is even attempted. This prevents allowing complete control over these systems at any given time.DEVICEINTEGRITYAll hardware and software will be purchased only from the manufacturer or from resellers who are authorized and certified by the equipment manufacturer. Unused physical interfaces on network devic es will be leave out down. Access lists that allow only those protocols, ports and IP addresses that are required by network users and services are implemented. Everything else is denied. Network device configuration file are protected from unauthorized disclosure. Steps have been taken to avoid plaintext passwords in the configuration files. This has been accomplished by using encryption and/or a salted hash with grommet to protect the confidentiality of passwords in configuration files. Change passwords/keys immediately if the network device configuration file is transmitted in the clear (or is otherwise exposed) while containing non-encrypted passwords/keys. effective protocols will be used when transmitting network device configuration files. All unneeded services on network devices must be shut down.Log files will be reviewed regularly to gain an in depth understanding of normal network behavior. Any irregularity will be describe and investigated.SECURE MANAGEMENTOnly secur e protocol standards (SSHv2 IKEv2/IPsec TLS v1.0+) will be used when performing remote management of network devices. Default usernames and/or passwords will not be used. The network infrastructure security policy should define password length and complexity requirements. Review the network infrastructure security policy. This policy identifies who is allowed to log in to network infrastructure devices and who is allowed to configure network devices, and defines a plan for updating network device firmware at scheduled intervals. expression VULNERABILITES fashion 25 Is used for SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer protocol). It uses both transmission control protocol and udp protocols. This port used for e-mail routing between mail servers and is susceptible to many know Trojans. We are keeping this port in a closed state. Port 80 Is used for web traffic Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP). It uses both tcp and udp protocols. Port 80 udp is also used by somegames, like Alien vs Predator. Co de Red and Nimda worms also propagate via transmission control protocol port 80 (HTTP). Also, a number of trojans/backdoors use these ports. We are keeping this port in a closed state. Port 139 Is used for NetBIOS. NetBIOS is a protocol used for File and Print Sharing under all current versions of Windows. By default, when File and Print Sharing is enabled it binds to everything, including TCP/IP (The Internet Protocol), instead than just the local network, meaning your shared resources are available over the entire Internet for reading and deletion, unless configured properly.Any machine with NetBIOS enabled and not configured properly should be considered at risk. The best protection is to turn off File and Print Sharing, or block ports 135-139 completely. We will leave this port in an open state but will turn off file and print sharing capabilities. Port 1900 Is used for SSDP, UPnP. UPnP discovery/SSDP, is a service that runs by default on WinXP, and creates an immediately exp loitable security vulnerability for any network-connected system. It is vulnerable to denial of service and buffer overflow attacks. Microsoft SSDP Enables discovery of UPnP devices. We are keeping this port in a closed state. Port 2869 Is IANA registered for ICSLAP. It uses both tcp and udp protocols and is used for Microsoft Internet Connection Firewall (ICF), Internet Connection Sharing (ICS), SSDP Discover Service, Microsoft Universal peck and Play (UPnP), and Microsoft Event Notification. We will leave this port in an open state.Port 5357 Is used by Microsoft Network Discovery, and should be filtered for public networks. It uses both tcp and udp protocols. It is also IANA registered for Web Services for Devices (WSD) a network plug-and-play experience that is similar to installing a USB device. WSD allows network-connected IP-based devices to advertise their functionality and offer these services to clients by using the Web Services protocol. WSD communicates over HTTP (TCP port 5357), HTTPS (TCP port 5358), and multicast to UDP port 3702. We will close this port and redirect traffic to HTTPS (TCP port 5358). Port 6839 This port is not associated with any particular services and should be closed unless it is associated and used. Port 7435 This port is not associated with any particular services and should be closed unless it is associated and used. Ports 9100, 9101 and 9102 These TCP ports are is used for printing. Port numbers 9101 and 9102 are for parallel ports 2 and 3 on the three-port HP Jetdirect external printservers.It is used for network-connected print devices. These ports should remain open to allow print services. There are no listed vulnerabilities associated with these ports. Port 9220 This port is for raw scanning to peripherals with IEEE 1284.4 specifications. On three port HP Jetdirects, the scan ports are 9290, 9291, and 9292. It is used for network-connected print devices. This port should remain open to allow print services. Th ere are no listed vulnerabilities associated with this port. Port 9500 TCP Port 9500 may use a defined protocol to communicate depending on the application. In our case we are using port 9500 to access the ISM Server.The ISM Server is used for exchanging moderation and recovery information between storage devices. This port should remain open while services are in use. There are no listed vulnerabilities associated with this port. Port 62078 This port is used by iPhone while syncing. The Port used by UPnP for multimedia files sharing, also used for synchronizing iTunes files between devices. Port 62078 has a know vulnerability in that a service named lockdownd sits and listens on the iPhone on port 62078. By connecting to this port and speaking the correct protocol, its possible to spawn a number of different services on an iPhone or iPad. This port should be blocked or closed when service is not required on the device.References outmatch Network Security insurance policy and Pr ocedures. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.ct.gov/best/cwp/view.asp?a=1245&q=253996 Example Security Plan. (2014, November 17). Retrieved from http//www.binomial.com/security_plan/example_security_plan_template.php Hardening Network Infrastructure Security Recommendations for System Accreditors. (n.d.). Retrieved from https//www.nsa.gov/ia/_files/factsheets/Hardening_Network_Infrastructure_FS.pdf Network Security Policy Best Practices White Paper Cisco. (2005, October 4). Retrieved from http//www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/availability/high-availability/13601-secpol.html Paquet, C. (2013, February 5). Security Policies Network Security Concepts and Policies. Retrieved from http//www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=1998559&seqNum=3 SANS Information Security Resources Information Security Policy Templates .