Religious Art During The Renaissance - 1200 Words

Religious artwork has been prevalent throughout all of history. Christian artwork has been ever changing and evolving based on what it going on during the time period in which the work was created. In Romanesque artwork, art was imaginative and involved mysticism along with themes that represented their fears of the end of the world. In Gothic artwork, the art turned away from evoking fear and instead had the goal of bringing people into the church. In the fourteenth century, the religious art responded to the crises of the time period. During the Renaissance, artwork shifted to an interest in realism, which can be seen in Raphael’s Madonna and Child with the Young Saint John. The medium for this work of art is oil paint. it was painted in 1500 and is 47 inches in diameter. Raphael was a painter during the Italian Renaissance. He is known for his paintings of the Madonna, each one a little different. He was born on April 6, 1483, in Urbino, Italy (Bio.com). His most famous pai nting was finished in 1507 called La belle jardinià ¨re (Bio.com). La belle jardinià ¨re is also known as Madonna and Child with Saint John the Baptist (Bio.com). It is different compared to the painting I will be examining but the concept and figures are still the same. Raphael died on April 6, 1520, his 37th birthday, of â€Å"unexpectedly of mysterious causes† (Bio.com). The painting focuses on the Virgin Mary and two children; one we know is Saint John the Baptist from the title. We can assume that theShow MoreRelatedHow Humanism Affected Art in the Renaissance764 Words   |  3 Pagesaffected the art of the Renaissance because of how Renaissance artists became increasingly interested with humanist concepts, and because of how they tried to incorporate humanist beliefs into their art. Artists conveyed their humanist beliefs by using new techniques such as perspective, and by painting more realistic figures. In addition, humanism encouraged artists to paint using new s ecular themes that were rediscovered along with classical art and texts. The artists of the Italian Renaissance expressedRead MoreHumanities Essay959 Words   |  4 PagesThe Renaissance and Baroque periods in European history played an important role in the development of humanities in their respectable age. During these periods it established a time of rebirth in humanisms and improvement of cultural accomplishments. The Renaissance period provided artistic freedom and individualism. It began around the 14th century in Italy and spread throughout Europe until the 16th century. Renaissance means â€Å"rebirth† and humanism of the renaissance artist was to express themselvesRead MoreThe Influence of Renaissance in Art and Architecture947 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluences of any era is evident through artwork and architecture. During the Middle Ages the main influence was the church, this is evident through the focus on biblical and religious symbols. During the Renaissance the main focus was the study of people. This is shown through the increase in self portraits and classical antiquity-inspired buildings. The change between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance is best shown through the art and architecture, demonstrated specifically through an emphasis onRead MoreEssay on Renaisssance versus Baroque Periods967 Words   |  4 PagesThe baroque and renaissance periods are two different periods. The renaissance period rolled into the baroque era. There were changes made over the years from the baroque to the renaissance period. Differences in style accumulated along with views of art and music. Baroque era covers the period between 1600 and 1750 beginning with Monte Verdi (birth of opera) and ended with deaths of Bach and Handel. The term baroque music is borrowed from the art history. It follows the Renaissance era (1400-1600)Read MoreEarly Italian Renaissance Art Essay1475 Words   |  6 Pagesdepiction has its roots in Early Christian art due to the iconic roles that Christ and Mary play in the Christian religion (Dunkerton 37). The ‘Madonna and Child’ has had a place in many of the early periods and traditions of art. Religious themes were able to command such a strong presence in the history of art due to their role as devotional aides in churches and other religious buildings (Dunkerton 27). Religious art was well maintained by religious orders and churches, and many patrons throughoutRead MoreThe Reformation Was the Rejection of the Secular Spirit of the811 Words   |  4 Pagesfocus, the Renaissance concentrated increasingly on the present day, demon strating a more secular philosophy. Humanism developed, making human beings, and not God, the center of attention. People not longer considered their lives solely as a preparation for the afterlife, but instead gave them actual value. The churchs authority fused with that of the state, resulting in a monopolized power greatly influenced by religion. The rejection of the secular spirit of the Italian Renaissance can be seenRead MoreThe Renaissance : A Rebirth Of The Ideas Of Ancient Greece923 Words   |  4 PagesThe Renaissance was a rebirth of the ideas of ancient Greece and Rome that began in the City States of Italy during the 14th century. The cultural resurgence began a new style of living in Europe after the horrors of the black death, and is seen as the beginning of the culture of the modern world. As Wassace K. Ferguson put in his book The Renaissance, the Italian artists grew tired of the darkness of Medieval Times and began to turn to the brighter times found in the class ical ages (Doc 7). TheRead MoreThe Renaissance : The Divine Comedy And Da Vinci s The Priceless Work948 Words   |  4 PagesThe Renaissance is one of the historical periods that have elicited vigorous debates among the historians and scholars. The term â€Å"Renaissance† for me, before taking this unit, is just a word that reminds me of some well-known historical events and famous Renaissance men, for example, Columbus’s voyage discovered the America, Dante wrote the famous masterpiece The Divine Comedy and Da Vinci ‘s the priceless work Mona Lisa. My understanding of the period consists merely of those single people and eventsRead MoreArt and Architecture in the Middle Ages and Renaissance Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesThe difference between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance is most visible through art and architecture, demonstrated specifically through an emphasis on religion or classical antiquity, and humanity. During the Middle Ages, art was more relig ious because it had a very religious influence from the church having such great power in the community. When the Renaissance started, art became more focused on ancient Greece. The Greek influence was because scholars were broadly studying the revival of classicalRead MoreEarly Renaissance And The Renaissance1205 Words   |  5 PagesEarly Renaissance to High Renaissance The Renaissance is the period that immediately follows the Middle Ages in Europe ancient Rome and Greece. Growing prosperity and reduction in political stability accompanied by new technologies, the printing press, astronomy and the exploration and discovery of new continents was supplemented by a blossoming of philosophy, literature, and art. Painting style, decorative arts, and sculpture arose in Italy in the 14th century, reached its peak in the late 15th

Bear Facts

Bears (Ursus species) are large, four-legged mammals that have a unique status in pop culture. They are not quite as cuddly as dogs or cats; not quite as dangerous as wolves or mountain lions; but they are decidedly ever-compelling objects of fear, admiration, and even envy.  Found in a variety of environments from Arctic ice pack to tropical forests, bears live on every continent except Antarctica. Fast Facts: Bears Scientific Name: Ursus sppCommon Names: Bear, pandaBasic Animal Group: Mammal  Size (length): Sun bear: 4–5 feet; brown bear: 5–10 feetWeight: Sun bear: 60–150 pounds; brown bear 180–1300 poundsLifespan: 20–35 yearsDiet:  OmnivoreHabitat: Woodlands, grasslands, deserts, temperate and tropical forests, on all continents except AntarcticaConservation Status: Least Concern: Brown bears, American black bear; Vulnerable: sloth bear, polar bear, giant panda, sun bear, spectacled bear, Asian black bear Description With some minor exceptions, all eight bear species have  roughly the same appearance: large torsos, stocky legs, narrow snouts, long hair, and short tails. With their plantigrade postures—walking upright on two feet—bears  walk flat-footed on the ground like humans but unlike most other mammals. Bears range in color with species: Black, brown and Andean bears are typically red-brown to black; polar bears are generally white to yellow; Asiatic bears are black to brown with a white patch and sun bears are brown with a yellow crescent on their chest.  They range in size from the sun bear (47 inches tall and weighing 37 pounds) to the polar bear, (nearly 10 feet tall and weighing 1,500 pounds).   Buck Shreck/Getty Images Species Scientists recognize eight species as well as numerous subspecies of bears, which live in different regions, that have differences in body shape and coloration. American black bears  (Ursus americanus)  live in  North America and Mexico; their diet consists primarily of leaves, buds, shoots, berries, and nuts. Subspecies of this bear include the cinnamon bear, the glacier bear, the Mexican black bear, the Kermode bear, the Louisiana black bear,  and several others. Asian black bears (Ursus thibetanus)  live in Southeast Asia and the Russian Far East. They have blocky bodies and patches of yellowish-white fur on their chests, but otherwise resemble American black bears in body shape, behavior, and diet.   Brown bears (Ursus arctos)  are some of the worlds largest terrestrial meat-eating mammals. They range across North America, Europe, and Asia and include numerous subspecies, such as the Carpathian bear, the European brown bear, the Gobi bear, the grizzly bear, the Kodiak bear,  and several others. Polar bears  (Ursus maritimus)  rival brown bears in size. These bears are restricted to a circumpolar region in the Arctic, reaching south into northern Canada and Alaska. When theyre not living on pack ice and shorelines, polar bears swim in open water, feeding  on seals and walruses. Giant pandas  (Aeluropoda melanoleuca)  feed almost exclusively on bamboo shoots and leaves in the central and southern regions of western China. These distinctly patterned bears have black bodies, white faces, black ears,  and black eyespots.   Sloth bears (Melursus ursinus)  stalk the grasslands, forests, and scrublands of Southeast Asia. These bears have long, shaggy coats of fur and white chest marks; they feed on termites, which they find using their acute sense of smell. Spectacled bears  (Tremarctos ornatos) are the only bears native to South America, inhabiting cloud forests at elevations over 3,000 feet. These bears once lived in coastal deserts and high-elevation grasslands, but human encroachment  has restricted their range. Sun bears  (Helarctos malayanos) live in the lowland tropical forests of Southeast Asia. These small ursines  have the shortest fur of any bear species, their chests marked with light, reddish-brown, U-shaped patches of fur. Diet and Behavior Most bears are omnivorous, feasting opportunistically on animals, fruits, and vegetables, with two important outliers: The polar bear is almost exclusively carnivorous, preying on seals and walruses, and the panda bear subsists entirely on bamboo shoots. Oddly enough, though, pandas digestive systems are relatively well adapted to eating meat. Because the vast majority of bears live in high northern latitudes, they need a way to survive the winter months when food is dangerously scarce. Evolutions solution is hibernation: Bears go into a deep sleep, lasting for months, during which their heart rates and metabolic processes slow drastically. Being in hibernation isnt like being in a coma. If sufficiently roused, a bear can wake up in the middle of its hibernation, and females have even been known to give birth in the deep of winter. Fossil evidence also supports  cave lions preying on hibernating cave bears during the last Ice Age, though some of these bears woke up and killed the unwelcome intruders. Bears may be the most antisocial mammals on the face of the earth. Full-grown bears are almost entirely solitary. This is good news for campers who accidentally encounter lone grizzlies in the wild, but quite unusual when compared with other carnivorous and omnivorous mammals, ranging from wolves to pigs, that tend to congregate in at least small groups. Depending on species, a bears basic communication needs can be expressed with  about seven or eight different words—huffs, chomps, groans, roars, woofs, growls, hums, or barks. The most dangerous sounds for humans are roars and growls, which denote a frightened or agitated bear defending its territory. Huffs are generally produced during mating and courtship rituals; hums—a bit like the purrs of cats, but much louder—are deployed by cubs to demand attention from their mothers, and moans express anxiety or a sense of danger. Giant pandas have a slightly different vocabulary than their ursine brethren: In addition to the sounds described above, they can also chirp, honk, and bleat. Evolutionary History Given the proliferation of so-called bear dogs millions of years ago—including the standard-bearer of the family, Amphicyon—you might assume that modern bears are most closely related to dogs. In fact, molecular analysis shows that the closest living relatives of bears are pinnipeds, the family of marine mammals that includes seals and walruses. Both of these mammalian families descend from a last common ancestor, or concestor, that lived sometime during the Eocene epoch, about 40 million or 50 million years ago. The exact identity of the progenitor species, however, remains a matter of speculation. Given that the populations of medieval Europe didnt have much contact with polar bears or panda bears, it makes sense that European peasants  associated bears with the color brown—which is where the English name of this animal derives, from the old Germanic root bera. Bears are also known as  ursines, a word that has ancient roots in Proto-Indo-European languages that were spoken as far back as 3500 BCE. The long history of this word makes sense, given that the first human settlers of Eurasia lived in close proximity to cave bears  and sometimes worshiped these beasts as gods. Amphicyon, the bear dog. Wikimedia Commons Reproduction and Offspring Like their close cousins seals and walruses, bears are some of the most sexually dimorphic animals on earth—that is to say, male bears  are significantly bigger than females​, and, what is more, the bigger the species, the larger  the disparity in size. In the largest brown bear subspecies, for instance, males weigh about 1,000 pounds and females only slightly more than half that. However, even though female bears are smaller than males, theyre not exactly helpless. They vigorously defend their cubs from male bears, not to mention any humans foolish enough to interfere with the child-rearing process. Male bears, however, will sometimes attack and kill cubs of their own kind, in order to induce females to breed again. Although there are some differences among the species, in general, female bears generally become sexually mature at between 4 and 8 years of age and have litters every three or four years. Bear breeding occurs during the summers—it is the only time when adult bears get together at all—but implantation doesnt typically occur until late autumn. Total gestation time is 6.5–9 months. Cubs are born singly or up to three at a time, generally in January or February, while the mother is still in hibernation. The young usually stay with their mother for two years. After mating, females are left to raise the young by themselves for a period of about three years, at which point—eager to breed with other males—the mothers chase the cubs away to fend for themselves. James Hager / Getty Images Threats Considering that early humans used to worship bears as gods, our relationship with ursines hasnt exactly been stellar over the last few hundred years. Bears are especially susceptible to habitat destruction, are often hunted for sport, and tend to become the scapegoats whenever campers are attacked in the wild or garbage cans are overturned in suburbs. Today, the largest threats to bears are deforestation and human encroachment, and, for polar bears, climate change which is reducing the environment in which they live. On the whole, black and brown bears are holding their own, even though adverse interactions with humans have increased as their habitats become more constricted. Conservation Status According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the sun bear, sloth bear, Asiatic, and spectacled bears are all listed as Vulnerable and decreasing in population; the polar bear is also listed as Vulnerable but its population status is unknown. The American black bear and brown bear is considered Least Concern and increasing in numbers. The giant panda is Vulnerable but increasing in population.   Bears and Humans Within the past 10,000 years, human beings have domesticated cats, dogs, pigs, and cattle—so why not bears, an animal with which Homo sapiens has coexisted since the end of the Pleistocene epoch? One explanation is that since bears are intensely solitary animals, theres no room for a human trainer to insert himself into the dominance hierarchy as the alpha male. Bears also pursue such varied diets that it would be difficult to keep even a tame population well-supplied. Perhaps most importantly, bears are anxious and aggressive when stressed, and simply dont have suitable personalities to be  house  or yard pets. Sources Dharaiya, N., H.S. Bargali, and T. Sharp. Melursus ursinus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T13143A45033815, 2016.McLellan, B.N.et al. Ursus arctos (amended version of 2017 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T41688A121229971, 2017.Scotson, L. et al. Helarctos . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T9760A123798233, 2017.malayanus (errata version published in 2018)Swaisgood, R., D. Wang, and F. Wei.Ailuropoda melanoleuca (errata version published in 2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T712A12174566, 2016. Wiig, Ø. et al. Ursus maritimus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T22823A14871490, 2015.

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Body Modification and Self-Worth Essay - 1261 Words

The research compiled within these five articles, pertaining to body modification and self worth, concluded that the correlation is both valid and apparent in teens, young adults and adults. Currently, societal norms are switching what is deemed to be appropriate. Sociologist have taken an particular interest in this new phenomenon, because we are currently stuck in a split society; while many agree with the new wave of body modification, and have accepted its inevitability, the more conservative values can still be found. This has begun to leave many adults, whom acquire body modification, in a type of limbo, wondering: is this acceptable in society or am I now an â€Å"outsider†? On the other hand, the new generation sees body modification as†¦show more content†¦Deviant behaviour can also be signs of an extremely unhappy and uncomfortable human being. In regards to the five sociological articles being compared, one piece of research is consistent throughout each of the findings: illegal and deviant behaviour leads to a greater quantity of body modifications. Because of the lack of support and self worth, many young adults are finding themselves becoming tangled in a life that includes illegal and morally unjust actions, leading to a need to visually carry a stereotype (Irwin, 2001). The deviant behaviour shown by the participants in each observation range from weapons possession to substance use, and delinquency (Dukes Stein, 2011). Many of these young adults feel the need to prove they are â€Å"tough† and â€Å"cool†, and a result of that is undergoing body modification (Irwin, 2001). While these body modifications can seem shallow at face value, once analyzing the reasons one chooses to acquire a tattoo and/or a piercing, in correlation to acting with deviant behaviour, the results are quite similar: these individuals posses very low levels of self worth (Silver, VanEseltine Silver, 2009). On a social scale ideas surroundin g body modification many participants took a stereotypical view of tattoos and piercings. While this can push rebellious action from those who resist to conform to societies idea of â€Å"normal†, at the same timeShow MoreRelated Body Modification in America Essay710 Words   |  3 Pages Body modification in American Culture In recent years tattooing and body piercing have become increasingly prevalent in popular culture. These forms of body modification are no longer tools used by criminals and gang member, showing their role in society. These practices are used by many of teenagers and young adults in our society today. In fact many of these practices have been a positive trend in American culture, giving adolescents a way of expressing themselves Studies have revealed a positiveRead MoreEffects of Media on Body Image855 Words   |  3 PagesEffects of Media on Body Image Discussion This study was conducted to analyze the impact of media, mainly fashion magazines, on how women perceived the idealized body weight and shape as well as the impact of media on the decision to diet or initiate an exercise program. Twenty working class women were given questionnaires at different times. The exposure to fashion magazines was assessed by determining whether the participant was a high level frequency viewer of fashion magazines, viewing themRead MoreThe Effects Of Plastic Surgery On South Korea1487 Words   |  6 Pagesbeautiful. Common beauty expectations for both males and females are high noses, big eyes, and narrow chins. Due to the nature of an Asian bone structure, it is highly unlikely that the previously mentioned beauty standards will occur naturally within a body. Many turn to the growing trend of plastic surgery to achieve an aesthetically pleasing face. South Korea is the world’s capital in plastic surgery, and people from all over the world, especiall y from other Asian countries, visit to receive cosmeticRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Miller s Extreme Makeover 949 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Mayan people and their commitment to revolutionizing beauty. In Extreme Makeover, Mary Miller determines the considerable lengths the ancient Mayan civilization endured to reconstruct their bodies. They devoted endless measures of worth and persevered through unimaginable agony to create a beautiful self-image. Comparable to our society, the Mayan people satisfied the illusion of appearance by adopting the artistic imagery that conformed their society. â€Å"What did ancient Maya men and women hopeRead MoreEducating Healthy Lifestyles : Change4life Encourages The Public For Implement Eight Healthy Lifestyle873 Words   |  4 Pagesoverweight person had a 55% increased risk of developing depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, body dissatisfaction, eating and sleeping disorder, hormonal and functional impairment, over time. A MH patient has a 58% increased risk of becoming obese (NOO, 2011). Depression and anxiety are two illnesses are the most common MH issues connected with obesity as negative feelings fuel depression. People often use food to self-medicate their anger, frustration, heartbreak, emotions, and different type ofRead MorePersonal Application : Personality And Behavior977 Words   |  4 Pagesof the individual and their upbringing are crucial parts of their person. In my own life I have seen how the negative views of myself and my worth have been a combination of many things, but a crucial one being what is supposed to be my primary source of comfort, my mother. Her continuous focus on weight and image made me believe that a person s worth was connected with how much they weighed and how good they looked to other people. I was constantly immersed in this environment my entire lifeRead MoreAfrican American Women s Assimilation Into White Culture770 Words   |  4 PagesThis quote by Malcolm X was trying to spark deep internal thought to African-Americans, especially African-American women, audience about why African-American hated themselves and wanted to be white. This self-hatred and desire to be white stems from the pressure to absorb and assimilate to white culture, which calls for African-American women to deny their race completely. This is perpetuated by which is proliferated practices and rhetoric that suggest that being African-Ameri can is equated to beingRead MoreSocial Implications Of Psychoanalytic Theory Essay1219 Words   |  5 PagesRelations, Self-Psychology, and Relational and Feminist Theory, avoiding integrating perspectives of the psychoanalytic theories, due to the multiple fundamental assumptions, while using various theorists from Freud to Benjamin. Beginning with Freud, they only mention three aspects of Freud’s theorizing; the unconscious, repression and the nature of the drives. When using Freudian theory, most of our experiences are unconscious, is a fundamental basis. This idea suggests a split within the self, betweenRead MoreThe Bioethics Of Human Genetic Engineering And Modification1589 Words   |  7 PagesThe Bioethics of Human Genetic Engineering and Modification Humans are marvelous creatures no other animals compare in intelligence or general abilities. As humans, we never have enough, we always are in search of self-improvement and personal gain. Our lives are based on the pursuit of personal gain and to help better the human race as a whole. Sometimes we must sacrifice everything and other times it comes as little to no price to achieve something greater for ourselves and others. Genetic engineeringRead MoreThe Pressure s On Society1300 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pressure’s On As we grow older, the media and the world around us subliminally influence our daily lives, personalities, and feelings of self worth. What we do, what we eat, who we associate ourselves with, how we look; these are all influenced and criticized by society. Women in our society seem to face more of these influences and criticisms. The media attacks how women act, live, and see themselves. Aaron H. Devor explains the differences between masculinity and femininity as well as describes

Personal Narrative Methods For Discipleship - 1361 Words

Methods for Discipleship My plan for discipling is to support my mentee over a period of twelve weeks with one on one meetings fortnightly. I will also make it a point to catch up with her each Sunday to see how she is doing and encourage her. I will pray for her regularily and keep in touch through text messages at least once a week. I will be a spiritual influence, guidance and support that she needs in her life. I will use prayer, my personal experience, Scripture, Christian resources and mature people that I trust to help me to do this for her. Six One on One Meetings The first meeting we meet at church and over dinner I asked my mentee (who I will refer to as Ally) what she wanted to get out of our meetings and what her goals were. Ally said that she would like to have more self cofidence because she was struggling to accept herself. So I told her about Psalm 139:13-18 and I said it would be a cool idea if we both memorised and studiecd it together, which she was keen to do. She also said that she wanted to be a better influnece to her family because they are non-Christians. We had a discussion on what she thought she was doing well and where she thought she could improve. Her last goal was to spend more time with God but she felt like she didn’t have time. So we discussed where she could make time and what her priorities were. I asked her questions about herself to get to know her and then I closed the meeting by praying for her. At our second meeting, IShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The King Jesus Gospel1131 Words   |  5 Pagesleaders support a message of salvation instead of promoting gospel messages. Gospel culture involves membership, decision-making, and discipleship. Besides, salvation culture does not guide the members to become disciples. However, I understand that orthodox Christianity, Roman Catholicism, and Anglicanism aims at transforming followers from membership to discipleship (mainly those people who take part in the sacramental process). Furthermore, as discussed by McKnight, evangelicalism aims at accomplishingRead MoreSpiritual Discernment and Vocational Counseling Essay2870 Words   |  12 Pagesthrough prayer, the Holy Spirit and reading biblical scriptures. It will explore spiritual discernment using the bull’s-eye method. The literature will discuss my past and present experiences of discernment, a counselor and clients experiences and my comments on my personal position of thi s client’s supplication. Spiritual Discernment and Vocational Counseling Segment 1: Personal Position When making career decisions that are in harmony with one’s self and with the will of God (Christian, 208)Read MoreThe Major Literary Forms Of The New Testament3126 Words   |  13 Pagesdescribes the scriptures delivered by the ministry the early Christians concerning the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ (1 Cor. 15:1-8). Also, the genres are used to designate any of the first four books in the New Testament. 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Given the lack of information about the author, we as interpreters may have to be satisfied with information that we have and make our own decisionsRead MoreInstructive Text Types11631 Words   |  47 Pages 1.4 Werlich’s textual typology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.... 1.5 Biber’s text type†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Chapter 2.Text Forms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 2.1 The descriptive text form†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 2.2 The narrative text form†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2.3 The expository text form†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2.4 The argumentative text form†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2.5 The instructive text form †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦ Chapter 3.The directive-instructive text-type†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreJohn the Baptist5770 Words   |  24 Pagespotentially be able to either discover a new perspective of John the Baptist’s way of life, or remain faithful to his/her presupposed opinion of the Baptist’s remarkably devout servitude to God. Basic Biographical Information John the Baptist’s personal history has a surprising significance that would dramatically affect his ministry; this significance can be easily overlooked without attributing the proper attention to the matter. His lineage and traditionalistic inheritance play an important role

Kafka and his Portrayal of Characters Essay Example For Students

Kafka and his Portrayal of Characters Essay Kafkas Portrayal of CharactersFranz Kafka, born on July 3, 1883 in Bohemia, in the city of Prague, has been recognized as one of the greatest writers of the twentieth century. Virtually unknown during his lifetime, the works of Kafka have since been recognized as symbolizing modern mans distress and distorted alienation in an unintelligible, hostile, or indifferent world. None of Kafkas novels were printed during his lifetime, and it was only with reluctance that he published a fraction of his shorter fiction. Kafka went even as far as to request that his unprinted manuscripts be destroyed after his death. His friend, Max Brod went against his wishes and published his works, although many were unfinished (Sokel 35). Kafka came from a middle-class Jewish family and grew up in the shadow of his domineering shopkeeper father, who impressed Kafka the ultimate father figure. The feeling of impotence, even in his rebellion, was a syndrome that became a pervasive theme in his fiction. Kafka did well in the prestigious German high school in Prague and went on to receive a law degree in 1906. He soon found a job at the Assicurizioni Generali Insurance Company in 1907 but soon left, due to the lengthy hours and intolerable conditions. Later in 1908, he began working at the Workers Accident Insurance Institute, where he would work most of the rest of his life. He regarded this job as the essenceboth blessing and curseof his life (Gray 78).He would work most of the rest of his life, although only sporadically after 1917, and in June 1922 he was put on temporary retirement with a pension (Gray 81-84). This job, although not great had short hours, and so allowed him time to think and write. In 1911, he was as ked by his father to take charge of his brother-in-law Karl Hermanns asbestos factory, which took up a lot of his time until 1917 and literally almost drove him to suicide (83). Kafka spent half his life after 1917 in sanatoriums and health resorts; his tuberculosis of the lungs finally spreading to the larynx. Throughout his life, Kafka wrote during times he felt frustrated, either by a love, his family, or his sickness (Sokel 133). Kafkas method of relief from these frustrations was through his writing (133). Kafkas coarse relationship with his father dominates his thoughts in life and his works. In the two works, The Metamorphosis and The Judgement, the image of a father is almost God-like. Until these works, Kafka had sought to escape from his father in his writing, only to find him dominating in all his work (157). Samsa Sr. who had part in his sons sudden change into an enormous bug, and Bendemann Sr. who was omnipotent and omniscient, sentences his son to death. In both works , the father-son relationship is described with bitterness. Kafka wrote his father a confession, lacerating letter over 15,000 words long (Flores and Swander 26) and sent it to his mother to give to his father, of which, his father never received. His relationship with Fraulein B. that lasted from 1913 to 1917, and his engagement to Julie Whoryzek, the daughter of a synagogue janitor, exacerbated problems with his father. His father was horrified by his engagement to a janitors daughter, and offended Kafka by saying he would have to sell the family store and emigrate to escape the shame to the family name by Kafkas engagement. In his three stories, The Judgement, The Metamorphosis, and In the Penal Colony, the son-figures are all guilty of original sin. The self-effacement of the son is shown: Georg Bendemann and Gregor Samsa have replaced the father as practical head and breadwinner of the family, and the condemned man on the prison-island has rebelled against military (paternal) a uthority (Anders 174). The Judgement emphasizes the sons offense, the fathers anger, and the punishment that follows swiftly (180). In The Metamorphosis it is not referred to as an offense, and the metamorphosis is not punishment, it is just simply stated at the beginning (183). Once Gregor changes into a beetle the size of a human being and gradually starves to death is when we see how he is punished when he in fact supported his family. In The Penal Colony, punishment is seen when a man is killed slowly in twelve hours by engraving a sentence into his flesh with a complicated system of vibrating needles (184). Kafkas writing demonstrates his attempts to offset his morbid masochism (Oates 5). Most people think of the terms Kafkan and Kafkaesque refer to his dark tales, but in reality these terms stand for Kafkas cloudy, mysterious, inexplicable method of writing (6). According to Roy Pascal, author of Kafkas Narrators: A Study of His Stories and Sketches, There is a good deal of hu mor in these early stories, as in the novels and later stories, but it is often ambiguous and can be overlooked (40). Kafka was subtle with humor and preferred to use irony as a method of levity (41). In Kafkas short story entitled, The Judgement, written in 1912, we see one of the unusual uses of irony by Kafka. The central figure, Georg Bendemann, has just gotten into a long and somewhat heated argument with his aging and infirm father. Suddenly Georgs father threw the blankets off with a strength that sent them all flying in a moment and sprang erect in bed. Only one hand touched the ceiling to steady him (Flores and Swander 134). The transformation of the sick father to a grotesque ogre (157) is not only shocking but comically so. Georgs father goes on to kick and yell at Georg extensively. Through this entire barrage and beating from his father the only thought that pops into Georgs head is he has pockets even in his shirt (148) referring to his fathers nightshirt. In The Metam orphosis, Kafka points out the irony of just how far the people involved have fallen out of touch with reality. The reader sees how Gregor brings home the money for his family. Gregors goes from the head of the household to an incompetent beetle. Gregor Samsa, even after his metamorphosis, cannot conceive the possibility of being trapped in his shell, and trying to get out of bed, get dressed, and go to work. Because it is literally a beetle on a bed, the result is hilarious. The reader laughs but realizes at the same instant the Gregor Samsa in now literally as well as figuratively trapped. In his new context, he becomes passive, and disconnected from the reality that he once was a part of. Gregor Samsas beetle body makes an attempt to move: he hears his sisters playing the violin and he promises himself that she will play only to him, and that he will even take advantage of his situation and use his ugly body to ward off anyone who tries to take her from him. He drags his body in to the room where his sister is playing and succeeds in disgusting everyone present; he dies soon after. The huge beetle lumbering about is at once funny, horrifying and sad (Ward 1). Kafka constructed his work from his personal biographical data of his life to comment upon his writings and his writings to comment upon his life (Flores and Swander 228). In the letter to his father he calls the Kafka family situation that terrible trial that is pending between you and ourselves. He also writes about the infinite sense of guilt which his father had instilled in him, adding, He is afraid that the shame of it will outlive him (Rolleston 105). Here he quotes the last sentence of The Trial. Kafkas works are full of commentaries about his own life, his own views, his own perspectives. He deliberately removes the line between truth and fiction. Tongue in cheek, Kafka used his life as blueprints for his works. In doing so, he has played one of the strangest and most daring games a writer eve r had played(Pascal 137). By telling of his life as a fable and commenting about his own style, he raised himself to the level of literature.Kafkas Portrayal of CharactersFranz Kafka, born on July 3, 1883 in Bohemia, in the city of Prague, has been recognized as one of the greatest writers of the twentieth century. Virtually unknown during his lifetime, the works of Kafka have since been recognized as symbolizing modern mans distress and distorted alienation in an unintelligible, hostile, or indifferent world. None of Kafkas novels were printed during his lifetime, and it was only with reluctance that he published a fraction of his shorter fiction. Kafka went even as far as to request that his unprinted manuscripts be destroyed after his death. His friend, Max Brod went against his wishes and published his works, although many were unfinished (Sokel 35). journalism EssayKafka came from a middle-class Jewish family and grew up in the shadow of his domineering shopkeeper father, who impressed Kafka the ultimate father figure. The feeling of impotence, even in his rebellion, was a syndrome that became a pervasive theme in his fiction. Kafka did well in the prestigious German high school in Prague and went on to receive a law degree in 1906. He soon found a job at the Assicurizioni Generali Insurance Company in 1907 but soon left, due to the lengthy hours and intolerable conditions. Later in 1908, he began working at the Workers Accident Insurance Institute, where he would work most of the rest of his life. He regarded this job as the essenceboth blessing and curseof his life (Gray 78).He would work most of the rest of his life, although only sporadically after 1917, and in June 1922 he was put on temporary retirement with a pension (Gray 81-84). This job, although not great had short hours, and so allowed him time to think and write. In 1911, he was asked by his father to take charge of his brother-in-law Karl Hermanns asbestos factory, which took up a lot of his time until 1917 and literally almost drove him to suicide (83). Kafka spent half his life after 1917 in sanatoriums and health resorts; his tuberculosis of the lungs finally spreading to the larynx. Throughout his life, Kafka wrote during times he felt frustrated, either by a love, his family, or his sickness (Sokel 133). Kafkas method of relief from these frustrations was through his writing (133). Kafkas coarse relationship with his father dominates his thoughts in life and his works. In the two works, The Metamorphosis and The Judgement, the image of a father is almost God-like. Until these works, Kafka had sought to escape from his father in his writing, only to find him dominating in all his work (157). Samsa Sr. who had part in his sons sudden change into an enormous bug, and Bendemann Sr. who was omnipotent and omniscient, sentences his son to de ath. In both works, the father-son relationship is described with bitterness. Kafka wrote his father a confession, lacerating letter over 15,000 words long (Flores and Swander 26) and sent it to his mother to give to his father, of which, his father never received. His relationship with Fraulein B. that lasted from 1913 to 1917, and his engagement to Julie Whoryzek, the daughter of a synagogue janitor, exacerbated problems with his father. His father was horrified by his engagement to a janitors daughter, and offended Kafka by saying he would have to sell the family store and emigrate to escape the shame to the family name by Kafkas engagement. In his three stories, The Judgement, The Metamorphosis, and In the Penal Colony, the son-figures are all guilty of original sin. The self-effacement of the son is shown: Georg Bendemann and Gregor Samsa have replaced the father as practical head and breadwinner of the family, and the condemned man on the prison-island has rebelled against mil itary (paternal) authority (Anders 174). The Judgement emphasizes the sons offense, the fathers anger, and the punishment that follows swiftly (180). In The Metamorphosis it is not referred to as an offense, and the metamorphosis is not punishment, it is just simply stated at the beginning (183). Once Gregor changes into a beetle the size of a human being and gradually starves to death is when we see how he is punished when he in fact supported his family. In The Penal Colony, punishment is seen when a man is killed slowly in twelve hours by engraving a sentence into his flesh with a complicated system of vibrating needles (184). Kafkas writing demonstrates his attempts to offset his morbid masochism (Oates 5). Most people think of the terms Kafkan and Kafkaesque refer to his dark tales, but in reality these terms stand for Kafkas cloudy, mysterious, inexplicable method of writing (6). According to Roy Pascal, author of Kafkas Narrators: A Study of His Stories and Sketches, There is a good deal of humor in these early stories, as in the novels and later stories, but it is often ambiguous and can be overlooked (40). Kafka was subtle with humor and preferred to use irony as a method of levity (41). In Kafkas short story entitled, The Judgement, written in 1912, we see one of the unusual uses of irony by Kafka. The central figure, Georg Bendemann, has just gotten into a long and somewhat heated argument with his aging and infirm father. Suddenly Georgs father threw the blankets off with a strength that sent them all flying in a moment and sprang erect in bed. Only one hand touched the ceiling to steady him (Flores and Swander 134). The transformation of the sick father to a grotesque ogre (157) is not only shocking but comically so. Georgs father goes on to kick and yell at Georg extensively. Through this entire barrage and beating from his father the only thought that pops into Georgs head is he has pockets even in his shirt (148) referring to his fathers nights hirt. In The Metamorphosis, Kafka points out the irony of just how far the people involved have fallen out of touch with reality. The reader sees how Gregor brings home the money for his family. Gregors goes from the head of the household to an incompetent beetle. Gregor Samsa, even after his metamorphosis, cannot conceive the possibility of being trapped in his shell, and trying to get out of bed, get dressed, and go to work. Because it is literally a beetle on a bed, the result is hilarious. The reader laughs but realizes at the same instant the Gregor Samsa in now literally as well as figuratively trapped. In his new context, he becomes passive, and disconnected from the reality that he once was a part of. Gregor Samsas beetle body makes an attempt to move: he hears his sisters playing the violin and he promises himself that she will play only to him, and that he will even take advantage of his situation and use his ugly body to ward off anyone who tries to take her from him. He drags his body in to the room where his sister is playing and succeeds in disgusting everyone present; he dies soon after. The huge beetle lumbering about is at once funny, horrifying and sad (Ward 1). Kafka constructed his work from his personal biographical data of his life to comment upon his writings and his writings to comment upon his life (Flores and Swander 228). In the letter to his father he calls the Kafka family situation that terrible trial that is pending between you and ourselves. He also writes about the infinite sense of guilt which his father had instilled in him, adding, He is afraid that the shame of it will outlive him (Rolleston 105). Here he quotes the last sentence of The Trial. Kafkas works are full of commentaries about his own life, his own views, his own perspectives. He deliberately removes the line between truth and fiction. Tongue in cheek, Kafka used his life as blueprints for his works. In doing so, he has played one of the strangest and most daring games a writer ever had played(Pascal 137). By telling of his life as a fable and commenting about his own style, he raised himself to the level of literature.Bibliography: Brod, Max, Franz Kafka, 2d ed. (1960); Citati, Pietro, Kafka (1990); Flores, Angel, ed., The Kafka Debate (1977); Glatzer, N. N., The Loves of Franz Kafka (1985); Gray, Ronald, ed., Kafka: A Collection of Critical Essays (1962); Hayman, Ronald, Kafka (1982); Heller, Erich, Franz Kafka (1975); Karl, Frederick R., Franz Kafka: Representative Man (1992); Lawson, R. H., Franz Kafka (1987); Pawel, E., The Nightmare of Reason: A Life of Franz Kafka (1984); Politzer, Heiny, Franz Kafka: Parable and Paradox (1962); Sokel, Walter H., Franz Kafka (1966); Udoff, Alan, ed., Kafka and the Contemporary Critical Performance (1987Words/ Pages : 2,909 / 24

Operations Management Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd

Question: Discuss about the Operations Management for Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd. Answer: Introduction The case revolves around Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty Ltd. Founded by Mei Fund Chen in 2008; the company specializes in designing and manufacturing customized kitchen cabinets. The owners specialize in the field of designing of cabinets and interior designing. With time popularity and demand of the companys product has increased which has led to several operational issues for the company. The company diversified its product portfolio and wanted to create its own value proposition which required capabilities in its operations. As job responsibilities increased the owners tried to divide the work among them to manage the operations of the business(Bell, 2002). Present Production System and Processes utilized by Hawkesbury Cabinets Companies and firms adopt many improvements in their methods and measures of doing business so that they can improve their overall performance in terms of turnaround time as well as resource allocations and also overall profitability. Operation Management including logistic have always been regarded as one of the most crucial factors that the companies should invest in to gain a competitive edge. Supply chain as a stream has evolved over the years and several researches have been conducted in the space of lean manufacturing from which concepts can be derived to improve the operations of the company in concern(Ahlstrom, 2004). Fungs duty increases with the passage of time and he had to take care of the responsibility of an operational manager. Therefore it is necessary to understand the business requirements so that an appropriate and sustainable solution can be proposed.These solutions should be aimed at streamlining and optimizing the manufacturing process that can deal with the present issue of the company(Shah and Ward, 2007). Operation management differs a lot from the engineering and manufacturing department and is an integral responsibility of the management as thoughtful planning and calculations are very much necessary for successful production and profits with minimal overheads and turnaround time. Logistic, an important component of operation management looks after the overall flow of goods and products right from their point of production to the point where they are sold off to the consumers. The resources utilized in the process are physical as well as abstract components. The physical compone nts includes materials used in production, workers, food, animals (if required) while the abstract components include time, work hours, packing, overhead, inventory, warehousing, transportation etc. Both the components incur a cost for the company and the complexity needs to analyzed and modeled as well as optimized to get the maximized profits(Connolly, 2007). The Hawkesbury Cabinets does its operations in one single manufacturing unit in Mulgrave. That single manufacturing unit is responsible for manufacturing both customized and standardized kitchen cabinets. The equipments with which the cabinets are made comprises of very superior quality regular machines so that they are provided with the flexibility that is required for manufacturing varied designs. The layout of the factory comprises of many manufacturing machines grouped at one place; for example the cutting tables and saws are organized in one section while routers, shapers, in another. The less used items are kept in a place less visited by the workers. Assembly areas are also located with much strategic designs in the factory over many places. The cabinets are painted and given their finishing touch at a very environmentally measured section, which is located towards the end of the layout. The products produced by Hawkesbury Cabinets are thus of very high quality and are held in superior esteems. Their qualities reflect the superiority of materials and goods chosen to manufacture them and the skills and craftsmanship of the manufacturers and artisans. The standard as well as customized cabinets need to compete for the time of processing on the same manufacturing units by the same workers(Eroglu and Hofer, 2011). Impact of new builders kitchen line on Operations With the increase in the reputation of the company, the sales and demand increased manifold and many contracts with much lower volumes were signed with the builders for high quality standard cabinets. The company required to manufacture a limited range of kitchen cabinets in very low batches ranging from one to five cabinets of same specifications and measures. The company had to operate under stringent conditions for the manufacture of kitchen cabinets for clients which are standardized. The customized designs still accounts for most of companys productions and sales, the standard ones were also picking up pace. They accounted for 40% of the volume and in terms of revenue 25%. The previous few months sale has increases a lot which required careful scheduling of work and trade-offs had to be made between the customized one and the standardized ones. The customized cabinets were given higher priority as they brought in higher profit margins. Hence, many standardized cabinets that were scheduled for delivery, were found left in the factory at different phases of completion. And the company is packed with many partially finished projects. This was one of the most important concerns for the company(Fullerton, Kennedy, and Widener, 2014). Operation Management is one of the core competencies of the business. Giving the example of Toyota, the company creates a wide range of autos every year, 66% of them are traded. The way toward creating the Camry at Toyota's assembling plant in Altona is like delivering a cake (or some other item so far as that is concerned). The following stride is to change those crude materials into yield (completed items). Operation Managementgoes beyond manufacturing any product(Steckel, 2004). Severalattachmentstry to create good quality products. Toyota utilizes the idea of nonstop change to do this (alluded to in Japanese as kaizen). This implies all organization exercises from the mechanical production system to client administration are persistently investigated, so that new and better methods for doing things are presented if necessary(Jang, 2003). Effect of the move to producing builders kitchens might have on the companys financial structure As Mein Chan was reviewed the progress of the company, she was very pleased to learn the company had expanded in terms of both volume and demand. The custom cabinets demand remains as it was while the demand for the standard ones are increasing steadily. But she was sad to learn that the profit margin of the company was not satisfactory; below expectation. She also found that the cost that is linked with the standard cabinet manufacturingwere rising exponentially while a significant portion of capital is tied up with producing materials in the inventory increasing the holding cost and inventory cost. Another drawback that was noticed was the increasing turnaround time for both the types of cabinets(Schowm, 2008). Conclusion Hence a good operation management is very much required in the effective and efficient process of manufacturing goods that would provide maximum profits. The present system of operation at the Hawkesbury Cabinets were taking the capacity limits against the call with the present layout at which they were manufacturing both the types of cabinets at the same using the resources. It was high time for the management of the company to look into carefully at the overall result that the new line of the standardized kitchen cabinets were having on the operations of the firm. Reference Ahlstrom, P. (2004) Lean service operations: Translating lean production principles to service operations, International Journal of Services Technology and Management, 5(5/6), p. 545. Doi: 10.1504/ijstm.2004.006284. Bell, J. (2002) Batch process oven,Metal Finishing, 100(11-12), p. 75. Doi: 10.1016/s0026-0576(02)80956-4. Connolly, C. (2007) Assembly operations streamlined by ABBs global partner Programme,Assembly Automation, 27(3), pp. 198201. Doi: 10.1108/01445150710763204. Eroglu, C. and Hofer, C. (2011) Lean, leaner, too lean?The inventory-performance link revisited,Journal of Operations Management, 29(4), pp. 356369. Doi: 10.1016/j.jom.2010.05.002. Fullerton, R.R., Kennedy, F.A. and Widener, S.K. (2014) Lean manufacturing and firm performance: The incremental contribution of lean management accounting practices,Journal of Operations Management, 32(7-8), pp. 414428. Doi: 10.1016/j.jom.2014.09.002. Jang, J.C. (2003) Operations research/management science,Computers Operations Research, 20(5), p. 556. Doi: 10.1016/0305-0548(93)90027-g. Schowm, A. (2008) Streamlined management,Vital, 6(1), pp. 5858. Doi: 10.1038/vital905. Shah, R. and Ward, P.T. (2007) Defining and developing measures of lean production,Journal of Operations Management, 25(4), pp. 785805. Doi: 10.1016/j.jom.2007.01.019.