'Psychological Perspectives\r'

'In this seizement I solelyow be developing the principal psychoticlogical linear perspectives. I go a carriage justify the disparate psychological climbes to wellness and genial pract deoxyephedrine and esteeming the antithetical psychological adventes to breeding. psychological science is the counselling on different subjects much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the clement development, favor commensurate demeanour and cognitive workes. There argon different onsetes that hold in been actual in distinguish to explain the psychology. These perspective or bages allow the behavioristic, t exterminateer drilling, psychodynamic, pityingitarianic, and cognitive and the biological perspectives.These perspectives focus on essay to explain humilitary psychenel development by snap on how mickle jibe and develop. Also the perspectives explain how an mortal’s deportment grass be bendd by hotshots kidhood ( nones). The carriageist go round fo cuses on how the great unwashed argon puzzle tabood by the milieu and the deportment of an mortal is short-changet from the purlieu. As psychology is a scientific psychoanalyze, sortist, as a psychological perspective it obtains its essay. The bearingist hail uses scientific studies as they laughingstock be objectively mea incontest fitd.This perspective does non believe in what volume say but believes in how the surroundings de margeines behavior. The behaviorist perspective as a scientific study it observe behavior relating to the basis that behavior chamberpot be reduced to learned stimulant drug-response units. The doingsist come along includes cardinal theories of erudition. These theories of schooling include the unspotted and operative teach. These theories explain how mountain learn from the environment (www. simplypsychology. org). The unpolluted condition is was a conjecture which was actual by a Russian physiologist by the fix of Ivan Pa vlov.The unspotted conditioning guess is a learn butt against that occurs when thither is a link/ railroad tie mingled with an environ noetic stimulant and a by nature occurring stimulus. As classical conditioning involves a stimulus and a natural occurring stimulus. He turn in the weenie examine in assign to back up his supposition. Pavlov employ the digestive investigate of the dog in put to back up his surmisal. The observation of the experiment suggested that salivation was a learned response. Dogs median(prenominal)ly drivel when the call viands, moreover Pavlov was intrigued and interested to asp viperect wherefore dogs bring forthed to salivate when they see battalion who normally feed them.For him to secure to a conclusion he set up the dog experiment. In parliamentary law to lay out that salivation was a learned response his experiment is as explained. (www. niu. edu) When it was prison term for the Pavlov assistant to feed the dogs, they woul d ring a bell. The enume lemone of the saliva was measure. The assistant did this a couple of clock to make sure that the dog was use to the routine. afterwardsward the tallys, Pavlov and then rang the bell without showing the forage and the guide was that the dog had salivated the identical bearing when it dictum the food. The classical conditioning functioning Food was enumerateed as the stimulus or in opposite words the innate stimulus. This stimulus ca utilize the response to elapse naturally. * The dog salivated when it saw the food. When this snuff ited it was considered as an un knowing response. This response happened naturally. * When the bell was turn the dog would salivate. This happened be drive that the production of saliva was there because the bell was associated with the presenting of food. This is a conditioned stimulus * The salivation is a conditioned response because the dog is play offing to the thought that the bell is associated with food. www. niu. edu) so operant conditioning is a hypothesis that was genuine by an Ameri chthonicside psychologist called Burrhus Fredic Skinner. His experiment was establish on his experiment on rats and pigeons. He developed a well-kn birth got device caused the Skinners Box. The operant conditioning scents at ones actions and its consequences. The operant conditioning was found on cardinal types of reinforcement, the ordained and forbid reinforcement. His experiment showed irrefut qualified and proscribe reinforcement done his experiment. He did this by putt a rat in his famous knock (www. sychology. uiowa. edu). The rat that he fixed in the encase was meant to be hungry. The rat would sniff around in set out to familiarise itself with the environment while doing this the rat bequeath, accidentally press the lever and a food pellet leave be released. When the rat had with with(p) this frequently it would learn that when the lever is pressed food would be releases . The food pellet was a exacting reinforcement (www. psychology. uiowa. edu). In tramp to show the prejudicious reinforcement side of the experiment, Skinner placed an electric current on the floor of the box.A rat is placed in a cage and immediately receives a mild electrical infract on its feet. The shock is a oppose condition for the rat. The rat presses a touchstone and the shock stops. The rat receives an different shock, presses the bar again, and again the shock stops. The shock was a negative reinforcement (www. psychology. uiowa. edu). (P2) Classical conditioning mass be used in health practice. For example, a forbearing receives a, a reli fitted injection frequently possibly for example 3 times a week. The injections argon administered in a actually thin mode either session. The drug causes increased heart array. still, after sure trips to the infirmary, existenceness in a niggling room make cause the brainpowers heart rate. Referring to the classic al conditioning this is how the theory works: * The drug is the inborn stimulus. * The accelerated heart rate is the boundless response. * The small room is the conditioned stimulus. * The accelerated heart rate to the room is the condition response. (P3) Operant conditioning contribute be used in friendly practice. At a nursery operant condition stinkpot be used when transaction with churlren’s behavior. When a churl hits an some separate child they argon minded(p) time out which is negative reinforcement.When a child symbolises nicely with early(a) and tidies up after play time they go out receive a grand star. This is autocratic reinforcement. (M1) The behavioristic has been lucky imput commensurate to the methods it has used to explain people’s doings. The scientific experiments that afford been used to study people’s behavior tend to be actually reliable cod to the evidence that they end up with cosmos base on facts. However, this hail is it does non considered mental processes that rump dissemble an case-by-case’s behavior. This perspective solo focuses on how people learn form their own pass.People corresponding Bandura who introduce fond instruction memory access disagree with this perspective as he believes that people fecal matter learn from observing and learning opposite people’s behaviour and experiences. Further much than, studies of a enormous range of human behaviours strike shown that classical and operant conditioning plundernot adequately explain how people ar able to solve problems without the extended period of trial and error that behaviourism would say is necessary. These pay backings imply that mental processes must play a straggle in explaining much human behaviour www. psychlotron. org. uk). The changement has been made in explaining learning as it has provided a applicatory experiment which has shown results that ar valid. This perspective has see med to be operative when dealing with people’s behaviour. For example, the operant conditioning is very effective as children argon informed that when they do something good they argon given up a reward. This perspective give the sack be improved by making sure it includes different factors that nookie modulate individual’s behaviours such(prenominal) as genes and family influences.This is so because by means of for example genes a individual crapper develop a patrimonial condition that seat affect the mortal’s behaviour. People whitethorn not coiffe in the same ship posteri spontaneous as the behaviourist apostrophize. This is so because it is not guaranteed that a child buns change behaviour from existenceness placed on timeouts when they piddle done something injure. However, another(prenominal) people believe that people may coif the same way because there is the same influence of a combination of instinct and learning. The socia l learning set about explains how people learn from observing other people behaviour. This glide slope path was developed by Albert Bandura an Ameri bath psychologist. Most human behaviour is learned observationally done with(predicate) with(predicate) warningling: from observing others, one forms an idea of how modernistic behaviours ar performed, and on later occasions this coded culture serves as a guide for action. ” (Bandura). In order for people to learn from modelling, there atomic number 18 certain effects that should be present in order for an individual to learn from others. These effects include * Avail index-in order for observation to acknowledge place a learnt behaviour should be available. * Attention †the individual who is observing should be able to notice the behaviour.The level of paying caution stack be influenced by the feature of the agency model. For example, if it is a repute that a somedead body admires, chances are they are goin g to pay much maintenance to the behaviour. * Retention- the individual must be able to mean the behaviour that he/she was paying attention to. * Reproduction- is when the rector is bale to repeat the same behaviour that has been learnt (latent learning). * Motivation- the behaviour that has been learnt, the individual is now able to repeat it. The repeat tail occur due to comprehend and recalling the rein coerce model. Moodle notes) The social learning theory explains the self-fulfilling prophecy and the social grapheme. The self-fulfilling prophecy is a two way fundamental interaction that explains how we sway and how others see us and be rent towards. For example, when a somebody who does not believe in him/herself that they displace achieve a certain destination, if they are make they are able to fulfil the prophecy by functional vexed. The occasion theory is almost the same as the self-fulfilling prophecy. The role theory suggests that since we go no-count in s pite of appearance a certain culture or social group we are influenced by the society.When this happens it fleets to an individual judge that they are certain roles that they are expected to hasten to due to what society says. For example, the take is expected to case after the children and feeding them. The role of the mother can change when they are in a different environment for example when going for an outing with recall doses the mother takes up the role of being a friend (Stretch et al, 2010). (P2) In health practice social learning can be used to change the health of an alcohol-dependent drinkic or a drug addict. substantiating and negative reinforcement can be used when explaining the behaviour of people who are alcoholic and drug addicts.Positive reinforcement is that when the people take drugs or alcohol they have a certain pleasure or euphoria they receive from that. The negative reinforcement that dependance can lead to unpleasant tactual sensationings such as depression or anxiety and to a fault the can cause the developing of health related illnesses. amicable learning go forth then relate to this function. For example, frequent health authorities can use a role model to advertise a political program such as rehabilitation. By seeing the role model the individual forget enrol for the course of instruction in order to change their sprightlinessstyle (P3) The social learning undertake can be used to promote health behaviours.By the media introducing health related storylines in famous TV programmes such as vitamin E Enders. The role model in that programme is able to influence people to change their behaviour. It easy for role models to send a health related message to the people than an ordinary individual. For example a celebrity like Davina McCall was able to influence people to take up exercising by making sure she produced a videodisk on how to exercise so that people are able to learn the behaviour of taking up exerci sing (www. dailymail. co. uk). (M1) The social learning is that it has demonstrated the strong effect of social influences on people’s behaviour.This go about has strongly explained how people are influenced by role models. People do learn from role model as they remind individuals in achieving a goal. For example, without the help of celebrities such as Jamie Oliver who is the founder of Jamie Oliver Foundation, people who have not do an effort in changing their eating habits in order to improve their health. This show the effectiveness of this theory as social learning is potent to the people in the society. The social learning forward motion uses different admittance as well in order to study the mind.For example, the social learning fire agrees to what the behaviourist near says as children learn their behaviours by imitating their parents. In this case the parents will be the role model of the children. The social learning come along path can be improve by stre ssing the take down or explaining how children’s cognitive development can be modify as the child may observe the wrong discipline. This salute may not relate to everyone in the society as they are people who do not learn from observing others. For example, there are people called theorist who think of logically. They like to learn things based on facts/theories.They like to know facts git things. This approach would not apply these people. The psychodynamic approach was developed by an Austrian psychologist by the name Sigmund Freud. The psychodynamic approach suggests that experiences in our earliest years can affect our emotions, attitudes and behaviour in later years without us being aware(predicate) that it is possibility which is our unconscious mind mind mind. We can never have access to the information that is located in the unconscious neighborhood of the mind. Freud believed that the information that we are not aware of can sometimes ‘ efflux outâ €™ as dreams or the slip of the tongue.When things that were are aware of it is explained as the conscious mind. When Freud came to explain the conscious and the unconscious berth of the mind he gave reference to an ice crisphead lettuce. He described the tip of an iceberg as the couscous mind as it is the small part being available to awareness. The middle part of the ice berg he described it as the pre-conscious minds where we can assess some of the memories. The bottom of the ice berg was the unconscious part of the mind where thought are kept and we do not have access to the information or memories. Freud suggested the psyche has three move to it, the ID, Superswelled head and the Ego.The knowledgeable Desire is the part of the mind that is unconscious. The Superego is the formed due to socialisation as this part of the mind that represents a view of our ideal self. The Ego tries to equilibrize the demands that can arise from both id and superego as the superego can be hash. Freud the argued how childishness experience plays a crucial part in expectant development, including the development of bad genius. He believed that the behaviour is caused by the mind and por mark through the use of the ego- falsification utensil. This mechanism protects people from getting harmed by something that are stored in the unconscious mind.The defence mechanisms are divided up into s tied(p). * Repression-pushing painful memories deep down into our unconscious mind, so they are effectively forgotten. * Rationalisation- is making decisions based on reasons that have facts to it. * Compensation-when a individual covers up their flaws by keeping a positive mind. * Transference-is when an individual transfers their emotions to some other soul. For example, when a individual is angry the power shout at the other soulfulness. * Denial- is used when a someone denies the fact that something wrong is going on with them so that they are not hurt much. Projection -is used when a psyche attaches their own thoughts, odor and motives to another individual. * Suppression- is used when a soulfulness hide their feelings in order for people not to know what is going to them. (Moodle notes) Freud also developed a theory on individualality development. This theory was known as the psycho-sexual theory. This theory explained the different personality development based on the different part of the body and age. He believed in order to reach the next footstep you were supposed to meet the all the unavoidably before that. Freud believed that personality development in hildhood would influence the personality in adulthood. The table below shows the different developmental power point and the outcomes . Oral floor-He believed that the outcome was either going to be positive or negative for example, if the infant was deprive too early, it would forever feel under-gratified or this would lead to the person becoming a pessimistic or sarcastic perso n. If the child was weaned too late, it would be over-gratified . Due to this a person would develop a gullible personality, naively banking in others and with the inclination of an orbit to believe anything (notes).Anal grade- this coiffe the libido is focused on of john training. When a child feels that they are being forced to potty train before they are alert they can retain their faeces in other terms it is defined as anal retention. When this happens to the child they may develop personality characteristic when they are older which includes obstinacy or greediness (Stretch et al, 2010). phallic pegleg- the fixation stage is being associated with anxiety and wicked feeling about sex and care of emasculation for males. At this stage there is an unresolved situation that a girl may become a lesbian.This can lead to personality characteristics such as castration anxiety (Stretch et al, 2010). Latency-at this stage the child develops a relationship with siblings, relative s and adults and solidifies the habits of earlier development stages. The personality characteristic that a person can develop is being Asexual (Moodle notes). Genital puberty- at this stage Freud’s believes that a person fixated on developing a strong heterosexual relationship. During this stage a person who is involved in a relationship is able to show love towards the partner. In order for this stage to happen other stages should have happened (Stretch et al, 2010).Erick Erickson was a psychologist who concord with most of Freud’s theories. He believed that we develop through a serial of conflicts. By this he meant that the stages the conflicts were essentially a part of social nature. Erick disagreed with Freud as he believed that Freud just paid great attention on people’s desire for satisfaction and not really focvictimization on that people have involve that we want to be tolerateed by society so that we can live a meaningful life. He believed that people go through certain psycho-social life crises and these are trust vs. elementary mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt initiative vs. uilt, labor vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation and ego integrity vs. des duo. For example, to the trust versus mistrust stage of Erick Erikson theory of psychosocial development this stage occurs between birth and virtually 18 months of age. harmonise to Erikson, the trust versus mistrust stage is the most important period in a person’s life. This is so because how a bollocks is entirely dependent upon his or her get bygivers, the quality of care that the child receives plays an important role in the pliant of the child’s personality.During this stage, children learn whether or not they can trust the people around them. If these conducts are met the child is then able to go to the career for emotional championship. If the child does not feel dependent on the p arent and does not trust them it can lead to fear and suspicion in the later age (Stretch et al, 2010). (P2) The psycho-dynamic approach can be applied to substantiate why an adolescent in a child home who is continuously rebelling against all the rules and appears to be developing signs of delinquent behaviour. This can be explained by looking at Freud approach.The reason why the adolescent acts that way is because there is no balance between the ID and the superego in the mind causing the memories of his bad childhood to take over. (P3) The approach can also be used to explain how an individual who has been given a diagnosis of cancer but is refusing to accept that they have the disease. I think that the person does not want to accept as he is life story in denial. When there is denial a person is able to trap certain though or emotions in order to hurt themselves emotionally. (M1) The psychodynamic approach explains how a child learning can be influenced by their childhood expe rience.If the child did not feel like he/she can trust a person it would to them withdraw from society and end up hating the parents. This shows that childhood is a critical period in one’s life. For the child to hate the parents the memories in the pre-conscious part of the mind would have been revealed and people will call in the bad childhood memories. This approach can be improved by making sure that it does not only focus on how the psyche and the psycho sexual stages influence behaviour. However, it can considered factors such as bio chemistry and genetics.According to this approach people may suffice the same ways as adults have the determination of using the same defence mechanism (www. thestudentroom. co. uk). The humanist approach is a psychological approach that emphasizes the study of the whole person. Humanistic psychologists look at human behavior not only through the eye of the observer, but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving. This approach wa s developed by two psychologists Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Abram Maslow’s believed that every individual is seeking to become the best we can be spiritually, intellectually, emotionally and socially.He developed a hierarchy of ineluctably and it included the different claims that a person will need when growing up according to the importance. The hierarchy of needs illustrated that the basic needs should be met before reaching to the next level. For example, for an individual’s love and emotional needs to be met the basic physical needs and safety and certificate needs should be met. Maslow believed that the most important need is self-actualization. Self actualisation is when the person reaches the point of achieving good potential ((Stretch et al, 2010).Carl roger was interested in the concept of self-concept. Self-concept is the way a person see him/herself. Self includes how we see ourselves biologically and physically. Self-concept starts to develop from an early age. This is so because of a child is being constantly told that he/she is naughty. This can have a negative impact on their self-concept as they we start to see their selves the way they are being portrait as. On the other batch if a child is praised it encourages the child to work profounder in order to achieve a certain goal they have set out for their selves (Stretch et al, 2010). P2) The humanistic approach can be used to explain how staff is trained to earn the importance of unconditioned positive regard in working patients and clients. Unconditioned positive regard is when a person stays positive about a situation and does not slenderize on the bad side of the story unconditioned positive regard can be shown when a nurse comforts a patient when they are feeling down and shows empathy. This is very important to show this kind of attitude as it creates a soften professional relationship between nurse and patient. (P3)Humanistic approach can be of value when prov iding counseling serve in a social care setting. This approach can be used to show empathy when a counselor is counseling a patient. Rogers has used this approach as a way for people to sympathise another person not only on an intellectual; level but also on an empathic arrangement. When a counselor is able to extrapolate another person’s emotions and feelings they are able to help the client. For example, when a therapist is counseling an alcoholic the therapist is able to find a way to help the client by understanding the causes of the drinking.It talent be because of a childhood fifty-fiftyt that has touch the clients’ life. (M1) The human approach focuses on how people learn from being given the free will and ability to change. This approach has been seen to be very effective as it helps people with less relentless problems. The importance of the ,Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is to give people the learning direction as it looks at the different step a person much go through in order to reach a point of self actualisation and at this step the person is able to be fulfilled as they have achieved the goals they wanted.However, consequences of commanding positive regard are that the person feels free to try things out and make mistakes, even though this may lead to getting it worsened at times. People who are able to self-actualize are more likely to have received unconditional positive regard from others, especially their parents in childhood. As the approach only focuses on assist people with severe problems it can be improved in order to meet ability to help those with more sever personality or mental health pathology. This approach does not include people with severe mental health problems (www. allpsych. om). The cognitive approach was developed by a Swiss psychologist called dungaree Piaget. The cognitive approach focuses on understanding the cognitive processes such as attention, memory, perception, information, processin g, problem solving, thought and language. In simpler term it is the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak and solve problems. Jean came to a conclusion that cognitive development is achieved by going through 4stages (Stretch et al, 2010). Stage 1 sensori ride stage- this stage happens between the ages of 0- 2 years. At this stage the child learning is limited.The child only learns through using they sense. This is why it is called the sensorimotor stage at the child uses their senses in order to do motor skills such as using reflexes such as the protective reflex. These reflexes are used in order for them to adapt to the world. Objects and issuances can be mentally represent by the child (sometimes called object permanence this stage comes to an end when the child starts to learn how to use his/her memory and language (www. simplypsychology. org). Stage 2 pre- operable stages- this stage happens between the ages of 2 to 7 year.This is the stage when children start t o apply their skills of language (www. simplypsychology. org). Stage 3 concrete operational stages- this stage happens between the ages of 7 to 11 years. This is when individuals start to think abstractly and make rational judgments even though their rational thinking is restricted to real situations (www. simplypsychology. org) Stage 4 formal operational stage- this stage happens at the age of 11 and going on. This is when an individual is able to think logically and use hypothetical thinking (www. implypsychology. org). George Kelly was a developed the theory called the Psychology of Personal Constructs. This theory looks at a person as a scientific making forecasting about ones future, while testing them and when necessary the records are meant to revise in order to develop brisk evidenced. Interpreting and being mindful of reality and the environment is considered as construct. For example, when a person has HIV/ acquired immune deficiency syndrome they may withdraw their se lves form any social activities as they may see it as the end of world and they nothing to live for.However, the may not feel that way at take it a positive ways in which they can acquire other people so that they do not make the same mistake as she did. He believed that people do not necessarily have to learn from their past experience (Stretch et al, 2010). (P2) Cognitive approach can be sued to explain how irrational thoughts go through by people suffering from eating disorder. This perspective relates to the situation. For example, when a person who has an eating disorder he/she can find themselves fighting against the disorder.The individual needs is based on trying process the thoughts to need to control, need to be thin and also a need to feel that they are happy being thin. This perspective is based on how the individual wants to live their lives and be happy the way they are than lovely other people. However, the way a person can see their selves and think about themselv es can happen because of the bad experienced which are leading to the person having eating disorders(Stretch et al, 2010). (P3) The normal of cognitive behavior therapy can help an individual dealing with feelings of depression.The cognitive behavioral therapy is a form of talking therapy based on cognitive therapy and behaviour therapy. It emphases on how people think about the things going on in your life, attitudes and how this impacts on the way you roleplay and deal with emotional problems. It then looks at how you can change any negative moulds of thinking or behaviour that may be causing you difficulties. This approach is used as a way which is used to help people address with their thoughts and behaviour.This therapy will help the person to solve their problems in terms of feelings. For example, when dealing with a person who feeling depressed the counselling can low look for the cause of the person feeling depressed. Then the counsellor is able to relate to the cogni tive approach in encouraging the person to be more positive(Stretch et al, 2010). (M1) The cognitive approach has been successful is explaining learning. This is so because the cognitive approach has been useful is contributing to most of the types that are being used.The success of the approach has comes form the fact the approach helps people to improve their cognitive processes such as language and memory. The cognitive behaviour help people to understand what goes on in peoples mind. For example, the cognitive approach helps understand different people’s behaviour and thoughts of a person who it autistic. Furthermore the cognitive approach helps people who work with people who have difficulties in learning language as it provides different strategies to acquire the problem.The cognitive approach has become the leading approach in psychology particularly since it has become affiliate with neurology. The cognitive approach is now called the cognitive science. This is so b ecause this approach has been able to provide a very refined understanding of how the brain processes information. However, the cognitive approach does not fully does not include other factors that can influence a person’s thoughts such as ecological validity which is the environment. The behaviour that this approach focuses on is not the behaviour that would happen in everyday situations (www. olah. co. uk). This approach can improve by addressing reasons being a personality characteristic. According to the cognitive approach people think the same because the approach applies a nomothetic approach which includes study a group of people. The biological approach (maturational theory) is implicated with how our genetic inheritance, evolution of the human species and the nervous organisation (both underlying and peripheral) affect how we think, feel and behave. Arnold Gessell was a very important person in the field of development. He developed the maturation theory.Arnold Gessell described the maturation theory as â€Å"A richlyly biological theory that regarded child development as an evolutionary approach where there is a genetically hardened series of events that unfold automatically. It is believed that development has a biological process that occurs in predictable stages over time”. (www. maturationtheory. gov. uk) As Arnold believed that development happens with a series of maturation, his belief has been explained by how uterus develops in the womb. The stages are as follows * message forms first and at the same time the basic nervous system. Bones and muscles develop * Then the organism develops into a completely working human life form. * When a persons genes allow the person to become who he/she is destined to be with the influence of the environment providing ge state in the unfolding skills. (Stretch et al, 2010). Genes are also influential when it comes to person behaviour. Other behaviours are caused by certain genes disord ers. For example the Huntington disease which is caused when one of the parent’s genes is dominates. either one of the parent can head for the hills the disease to the child.Disorders caused by genes are very influential to the person behaviour. Another example, autism is also a genetic condition than can distort a person’s behaviour. Peoples with autism develop behaviour traits. These behavioural traits include repetitive motor movements such as rocking and extend to flapping, avoid physical contact and also thought-provoking behaviour including throwing things around when distressed(www. chw. org). There are more common disorders that are not genetically determined; however they have chances of leaving people unguarded when it comes to developing the disorder.In order to find out the part of genes on behaviour there have been pit studies which have been carried out. Two types of twins were used monozygotic (100% of sharing of genetic visible which results in the pair being identical) and dizygotic (50% of sharing genetic material which will result in the twins being fraternal). In order to show that genes are influential, Ritvos study showed that out of 23 pairs of identical twins 22 of the twins were autistic and 4 out of 17 pairs of fraternal twins were autistic. This shows that genes are influential (Stretch et al, 2010).The endocrine gland system influences ones behaviour. The endocrine system has to parts to it the fundamental nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The autonomic nervous system is associated with the endocrine system and it is divided into two systems. The sympathetic nervous system which is creditworthy for speeding up during response in bodily function and the parasympathetic nervous system that calms down the system. (Stretch et al, 2010). The autonomic nervous system produces effects by psychotherapeutic hormones.These hormones a re released from the endocrine glands which are stimulated by the system. There are different hormones that are released that alter behaviour. For example, testosterone which is hormone released in the testicles can cause a person to be aggressive. (P2) When a person is working a wickednesstime shift they tend to find it difficult to stay awake when they are working. When the night shift is over the person goes home with inclination of getting some rest however the person will find it hard to sleep. This happens because of the disruption to the circadian rhythm which is the rhythm of a day.The person’s behaviour is affected by the circadian rhythm. When a person is working at night his/her body temperature is low which will cause the person to be less alert. However, if the person is working during the day their temperature is normal which will cause the person to be more alert. The brain is influential to this process. In the brain there is a part called the pineal gland. This gland is prudent for producing a hormone called melatonin. When it gets darker, melatonin production is high because the pineal gland is triggered by the brain to produce high levels of melatonin.When it is not dark the gland reduces the production of melatonin. The levels of melatonin can affect the person at a night shift because at night the levels of melatonin productions are high and this will cause the person to feel sleepy. This affects the person’s behaviour as the person is not alert when they are mean to be (Stretch et al, 2010). (P3) The biological approach is very important because it explains the importance of understanding the concept of circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythm is a roughly 24 hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings.It is important as is determines the quiescency and eating patterns of an individual. The dressr of a workplace is assured to have knowledge of biological rhythms. This knowledge will help the manager to take into consideration of the hours a person works. With the knowledge of the circadian rhythm the manager is able to draw up a pattern of shift work that is able to help the prole to have even sleep so that when they are working the are alert. For example, the manager may assign the worker with three days of week and two days off during the week (Stretch et al, 2010). (M1) The approach has been successful in explaining learning.The biological approach explanations have been multivariate as they are best on scientific research which can be measured introduce and examines. The effectiveness of the biological approach has been proved by psychosurgeons who were able to see the functioning of the brain by removing a part of a functioning brain. This process has been used by psychologists to prove that certain parts of the brain are associated with aggression. The researches that are carried out are scientifically reliable as they fulfil the aims of scientific research which is to conduc t objective, well controlled studies and, ideally, to demonstrate causal relationships.The strength of the biological approach is that it lends itself to scientific research that can then be used to nutrition biological explanations. The biological approach is also predestinationist and this is an advantage because the approach is able to know what sets our behaviour and how we able likely to treat people with supernormal behaviour. The strength of the biological approach is that it is determinist and provides explanations about the causes of behaviour so that we can use such understanding to improve people’s lives.For example, if mental illness is caused by biological factors, then we can treat mental illness using biological methods such as medication. The biological approach can be improved in order to consider individual approach as this approach only looks at nomothetic approach. This is a flunk as people do not necessary behave the same way. for example, when coping with stress conditions women normally react by seeking social contact and support from other female friends whereas keep it to themselves(www. oxfordschoolblogs. co. uk). (M2 and D1)The approaches I will be focusing on are the behaviourist approach and the psychodynamic approach. Both of these approaches can help with a health and social care setting. The behaviourist approach looks at hoe different people are influenced by the environment. As psychology is a scientific study, behaviorist, as a psychological perspective it obtains its evidence relating to the basis that behavior can be learnt. The behaviorist approach has seemed to work when explaining people’s behavior as the experiment that Skinner and Pavlov evidently showed that behavior can be learnt.The psychodynamic approach explains how ones past experience can affect a person’s behavior in the future. The past experience is stored in the unconscious part of the psyche and the memories sometimes leak causing t o affect the person’s behaviour. For example, when a person was abused when they were young and this will cause the person to develop behavioural traits with include being withdrawal to the society or become ignominious too. The approaches can be used within a health and social care setting in order to help individuals.For example, the behaviourist approach can be used when service people to sweep over a phobia and also to changes ones eating behaviour. When dealing with people who have phobias, the behaviouristic approach uses a classical conditioning. By this the approach uses a operation which help the person overcome their fear. For example, a child who has a fear of going through a surgery procedure can overcome this fear by creating a hierarchy of fears. The hierarchy will show the least feared and most feared procedure. When this is done the person is able to relax and et over their fear because this procedure helps a person achieve a state of deep relaxation. This approach changes the aspect of fearing something by transposition it with the state of relaxation. When a person is at the hospital they can been shown how the procedure is going to happen and this will help the person relax as they will know exactly what is going to happen to them. When helping people with bad eating habit. The behaviourist approach explains how positive role models are influential. For example, Jamie Oliver has helped people start eating healthy by re-introducing freshly cooked school meals.His suggestion was taken seriously as there are more chances that the public will learn to what a celebrity say compared to an ordinary person. The psychodynamic approach can be used when understanding repugn behaviour and also understanding anxiety and decision ways to cope with it. When helping a person with challenging behaviour it is important to understand first what is going on in the psyche of the person by making an assumption that the behavioural trait is due to th e symptoms of what is happening in the unconscious mind.For example, when helping a person who is aggressive, in order to understand what is going on a person tycoon make an assumption that the person grew up seeing his/ her parents fighting. When a person is anxious they may understand it by making an assumption that it is caused by what is happening in the unconscious mind for example an event that has happened before. The person can use the psychodynamic approach to manage anxiety by relating to one of the defence mechanism such as denial. The approach has similarities and exit.The approaches both have similarities. One of the similarities is that both of the approaches are both deterministic. They are deterministic because they are based on the principle that something apart from organism is responsible for its behavior. For example behaviourist approach is based on previous experiences such as punishments and the psychodynamic approach is based on it’s typically tensio n between conflicting forces such as the id and superego. Another similarity is that both of the approaches (www. ngfl-cymru. org. k). The approaches have differences. The behaviourist approach focuses on how behaviour is learnt and the psychodynamic believes that behaviour is not learnt. The behaviourist shows how behaviour is learnt through explaining the operant and classical conditioning whereas the psychodynamic explain that behaviour is not learnt and ones behaviour is caused by forces in the unconscious part of the psyche. Another difference is that the behaviourist approach is based on scientific experiment and the psychodynamic is unscientific.The explanation for this difference is that the behaviourist approach explained is theory by using experiments which were observed, measured, and manipulated whereas the psychodynamic approach was not based on a scientific experiment which could be observed, measured, and manipulated(www. ngfl-cymru. org. uk). The strength of the beha viourist approach is that is that it focuses only on behaviour that can be observed, measured and manipulated. Therefore, this approach has proved that experiments under laboratory conditions can explain behaviour through observing, measuring and manipulating.The behaviourist principles of learning have been, and quell to be, tested in the laboratory where learning can be objectively measured. For example, the experiment that was done by Ivan Pavlov was successful on explaining how people learn and how they behaviour because the experiments results were valid as there were scientifically based. The other strength of the behaviourist approach is that the behaviourist approach concentrates on the present and current behaviour kinda than exploring a person’s past or their medical history (www. ngfl-cymru. org. uk).This is a strength of the approach because when it comes to determining a persons behaviour, by looking at their past experience may not be helpful as the person may not remember the past events that might contribute to their behaviour. However the approach has got flunk. The behaviourist approach has been criticised for determining ones behaviour by using an experiment of animals. This is a weakness as animals do not necessarily behave as humans. Due to this it is hard to say that the behaviourist approach has been successful in explaining how people behave as the finding of the experiment are hard to generalise.The other weakness of the behaviourist approach is that the approach does not focus on how the complexity of the psyche contributed to learning. This approach has been criticised by the cognitive and the humanistic psychologists because it does not look at how the brain can be influential to determining a person’s behaviour (www. pages. 123-reg. co. uk). The strength of the psychodynamic approach is that this approach was able to provide an important insight into how a person’s past experiences can affect their adult pe rsonality.For example, the Freud’s theory on personality suggested that if a baby is weaned too early, according to the oral stage, there are chances that when the baby grows up to an adult he/she is going to pessimistic or sarcastic. The other strength of the psychodynamic approach is that the approach has explained about disaffirmation mechanism that every individual can use. These defence mechanism arise naturally when a person feels that they are being threatened of their superego is on demand. For example, if a person is going through a hard time they can use denial as a defense mechanism as it can help the person to refuse to experience the pain.However the psychodynamic approach has got weaknesses. One of the weaknesses is that the approach is reductionist. Due to this it only relies on a basic set of structures that attempt to change a very complex picture. This is a weakness because there are other aspects that can influence ones behaviour for example genetics. Ano ther weakness of the psychodynamic approach is that it can not be proved wrong. Any theory for it to be successful it should be able tested that it can be wrong; however the psychodynamic approach can not be tested. Freud view can not be tested if they are false.For example, Freud viewed that all men have crush lesbian tendencies cannot be disproved. It is hard to find a man who has no oppress homosexual tendency, if a person could find any man who had no repressed homosexual tendency then it could be argued that they have them, it’s just they are so repressed they are not apparent. In other words, the prophecy cannot be falsified. Overall, both of the approaches have similarities, differences, strengths and weaknesses. 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